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  2. Pneumonia is the most common infection after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurring in up to 65% of patients who remain comatose after return of spontaneous circulation. Preventing infection after OHC...

    Authors: David J. Gagnon, Sergey V. Ryzhov, Meghan A. May, Richard R. Riker, Bram Geller, Teresa L. May, Sarah Bockian, Joanne T. deKay, Ashley Eldridge, Thomas Van der Kloot, Patricia Lerwick, Christine Lord, F. Lee Lucas, Patrick Mailloux, Barbara McCrum, Meghan Searight…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:197
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  3. Existing recommended treatment options for personality disorders (PDs) are extensive and costly. There is emerging evidence indicating that trauma-focused treatment using eye movement desensitization and repro...

    Authors: Simon Hofman, Laurian Hafkemeijer, Ad de Jongh, Annemieke Starrenburg and Karin Slotema
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:196
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  4. Intravenous (IV) vasopressors to support hemodynamics are a primary indication for intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Utilization of oral vasopressor therapy may offer an alternative to IV vasopressor therap...

    Authors: Dawn Opgenorth, Nadia Baig, Kirsten Fiest, Constantine Karvellas, Jim Kutsogiannis, Vincent Lau, Erika Macintyre, Janek Senaratne, Jocelyn Slemko, Wendy Sligl, Xiaoming Wang, Sean M. Bagshaw and Oleksa G. Rewa
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:194
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  5. A clinical study indicated that infusion of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose administered intraoperatively provided a smooth and hemodynamically stable emergence and improved the quality of recovery with...

    Authors: Fangjun Wang, Dan Xie, Hongchun Xu, Qin Ye, Le Wu and Xiao Pei Gao
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:192
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Thumb carpometacarpal osteoarthritis (CMC OA) is characterized by chronic progressive degeneration of the joint cartilage, with high prevalence. Patients present with pain at the base of the thumb, morning sti...

    Authors: Natália Barbosa Tossini, Natália Duarte Pereira, Gabriela Sardeli de Oliveira and Paula Regina Mendes da Silva Serrão
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:191
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  7. The utilization of mobile health (m-health) has rapidly expanded during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there is still a lack of relevant clinical data pertaining to chronic low-back pain (CLBP) management. This st...

    Authors: Fuming Zheng, Shufeng Liu, Shanshan Zhang, Qiuhua Yu, Wai Leung Ambrose Lo, Tingni Li and Chu Huai Wang
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:190
    Content type: Research Published on:

  8. Delayed gastric emptying (DGE) after distal gastrectomy impacts patients’ nutritional status and quality of life. The current treatments of DGE seem unsatisfactory or need invasive interventions. It is unknown...

    Authors: Kai-Bo Chen, Zhi-Wei Wu, Jun Wang, Ling-Hua Zhu, Xiao-Li Jin, Guo-Feng Chen, Mu-Xing Kang, Yi Huang, Hang Zhang, Le-Le Lin, Di-Ke Shi, Dan Wu, Jian-Feng Chen, Jian Chen and Zhi-Qing Zhao
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:189
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  9. Low back pain is one of the main public health concerns. Chronic low back pain (cLBP) reduces functional capacity and affects postural stability. Although health professionals widely use spinal manipulation, i...

    Authors: João Paulo Freitas, Leticia Amaral Corrêa, Juliana Valentim Bittencourt, Karine Marcondes Armstrong and Leandro Alberto Calazans Nogueira
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:188
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  10. Clinical trials play an important role in expanding the knowledge of diabetes prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, and data management is one of the main issues in clinical trials. Lack of appropriate plannin...

    Authors: Aynaz Nourani, Haleh Ayatollahi and Masoud Solaymani Dodaran
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:187
    Content type: Research Published on:

  11. Suicide is the leading cause of death among young Australians, accounting for one-third of all deaths in those under 25. Schools are a logical setting for youth suicide prevention activities, with universal, s...

    Authors: Sadhbh J. Byrne, Eleanor Bailey, Michelle Lamblin, Samuel McKay, Jane Pirkis, Cathrine Mihalopoulos, Matthew J. Spittal, Simon Rice, Sarah Hetrick, Matthew Hamilton, Hok Pan Yuen, Yong Yi Lee, Alexandra Boland and Jo Robinson
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:186
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  12. Arboviruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya are a major global health problem, with over 2.5 billion at risk for dengue alone. There are no licensed antivirals for these infec...

    Authors: Matthew H. Collins, Gail E. Potter, Matt D. T. Hitchings, Ellie Butler, Michelle Wiles, Jessie K. Kennedy, Sofia B. Pinto, Adla B. M. Teixeira, Arnau Casanovas-Massana, Nadine G. Rouphael, Gregory A. Deye, Cameron P. Simmons, Luciano A. Moreira, Mauricio L. Nogueira, Derek A. T. Cummings, Albert I. Ko…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:185
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  13. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease that leads to lung scarring. Cough is reported by 85% of patients with IPF and can be a distressing symptom with a significant impact on patients’ q...

    Authors: Zhe Wu, Winston Banya, Nazia Chaudhuri, Ira Jakupovic, Toby M. Maher, Brijesh Patel, Lisa G. Spencer, Muhunthan Thillai, Alex West, John Westoby, Marlies Wijsenbeek, Jaclyn Smith and Philip L. Molyneaux
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:184
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  14. Anaemia in pregnancy remains prevalent in Nepal and causes severe adverse health outcomes.

    Authors: Naomi M. Saville, Chandani Kharel, Joanna Morrison, Helen Harris-Fry, Philip James, Andrew Copas, Santosh Giri, Abriti Arjyal, B. James Beard, Hassan Haghparast-Bidgoli, Jolene Skordis, Adam Richter, Sushil Baral and Sara Hillman
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:183
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  15. Individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS) are at a greater risk for developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) than those without MetS, due to underlying endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, ...

    Authors: L. E. Smith, G. P. Van Guilder, L. C. Dalleck and N. K. Harris
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:182
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  16. It is unclear whether the insertion of an axis-orienting double-pigtail plastic stent (DPS) through biliary lumen-apposing meal stent (LAMS) in EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy (CDS) improves the stent patenc...

    Authors: Albert Garcia-Sumalla, Carme Loras, Vicente Sanchiz, Rafael Pedraza Sanz, Enrique Vazquez-Sequeiros, Jose Ramon Aparicio, Carlos de la Serna-Higuera, Daniel Luna-Rodriguez, Xavier Andujar, María Capilla, Tatiana Barberá, Jose Ramon Foruny-Olcina, Belen Martínez, Miguel Dura, Silvia Salord, Berta Laquente…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:181
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Trials 2022 23:214

  17. In recent decades, several studies have shown changes in the intestinal microflora among patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therapeutic measures using probiotics have shown favorable effects on the recov...

    Authors: Farzaneh Asoudeh, Kurosh Djafarian, Maassoumeh Akhalghi, Mahdi Mahmoudi, Ahmad Reza Jamshidi, Elham Farhadi and Ahmad Esmaillzadeh
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:180
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  18. Long-term exposure to high concentrations of PM2.5 may cause immune system dysfunction and damage to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. PM2.5 may cause CD4 + T helper cells to polarize toward TH1 or T...

    Authors: Xiaomin Wang, Shuiqin Li, Yongcan Wu, Demei Huang, Caixia Pei, Yilan Wang, Shihua Shi, Fei Wang and Zhenxing Wang
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:179
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  19. Hypertension is currently the leading modifiable cause of global morbidity and mortality, leading to substantial health and financial burdens. Although multiple studies of management models and innovative ther...

    Authors: Luyun Fan, Jie Ren, Youren Chen, Yang Wang, Zihong Guo, Peili Bu, Jinfeng Yang, Wenjun Ma, Bingpo Zhu, Yanyan Zhao and Jun Cai
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:178
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  20. Comatose patients admitted after resuscitation from cardiac arrest have a significant risk of poor outcome due to hypoxic brain injury. While numerous studies have investigated and challenged the target temper...

    Authors: Jesper Kjaergaard, Henrik Schmidt, Jacob E. Møller and Christian Hassager
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:177
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  21. Latina adolescents in the USA report some of the lowest rates of physical activity of any demographic subgroup; this is paralleled by a markedly higher lifetime risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other cond...

    Authors: Britta Larsen, Emily Greenstadt, Brittany Olesen, Lilliana Osuna, Job Godino, Bess Marcus, Shira Dunsiger, Dawn Meyer and Michelle Zive
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:176
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  22. The national opioid crisis has disproportionately burdened rural White populations and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations. Therefore, Cherokee Nation and Emory University public health scientist...

    Authors: Kelli A. Komro, Terrence K. Kominsky, Juli R. Skinner, Melvin D. Livingston, Bethany J. Livingston, Kristin Avance, Ashley N. Lincoln, Caroline M. Barry, Andrew L. Walker, Dallas W. Pettigrew, Lisa J. Merlo, Hannah L. F. Cooper and Alexander C. Wagenaar
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:175
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  23. Neonates with critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are at risk of brain injury that may result in adverse neurodevelopment. To date, no therapy ...

    Authors: Raymond Stegeman, Maaike Nijman, Johannes M. P. J. Breur, Floris Groenendaal, Felix Haas, Jan B. Derks, Joppe Nijman, Ingrid M. van Beynum, Yannick J. H. J. Taverne, Ad J. J. C. Bogers, Willem A. Helbing, Willem P. de Boode, Arend F. Bos, Rolf M. F. Berger, Ryan E. Accord, Kit C. B. Roes…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:174
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  24. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease with significant morbidity and mortality. Although the precise cause remains unknown, disturbances in the intestinal microbial community have bee...

    Authors: Andreas Stallmach, Philip Grunert, Johannes Stallhofer, Bettina Löffler, Michael Baier, Jürgen Rödel, Michael Kiehntopf, Sophie Neugebauer, Dietmar H. Pieper, Howard Junca, Andrea Tannapfel, Ute Merkel, Ulrike Schumacher, Maria Breternitz-Gruhne, Tabitha Heller, Anja Schauer…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:173
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  25. Biportal endoscopic surgery has recently been performed in lumbar discectomy, with advantages over conventional surgery, such as less skin scarring and muscle damage. However, the clinical results have not bee...

    Authors: Sang-Min Park, Kwang-Sup Song, Ho-Joong Kim, Si-Young Park, Taewook Kang, Min-Seok Kang, Dong Hwa Heo, Choon Keun Park, Dong-Geun Lee, Jin Sub Hwang, Jae-Won Jang, Jun Young Kim, Jin-Sung Kim, Hong-Jae Lee, Ki-Han You and Hyun-Jin Park
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:172
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  26. The prevalence rate of hypertension in the Chinese population is on the rise, and the control rate of hypertension is low. International guidelines, including the 2018 Chinese Guidelines for the Management of ...

    Authors: Yu Wang, Zhen Hua, Wenjing Chen, Yushuo Zhu and Yunlun Li
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:171
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  27. Sepsis is a common cause for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and its incidence has been increasing. It is associated with a significant increase in serum inflammatory biomarkers such as C-reactive ...

    Authors: Mahdi Keshani, Babak Alikiaii, Gholamreza Askari, Farveh Yahyapoor, Gordon A. Ferns and Mohammad Bagherniya
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:170
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  28. Pediatric acquired brain injury (pABI) is associated with long-term cognitive, behavioral, social, and emotional problems, which may affect the quality of life, school, and family functioning. Yet, there is a ...

    Authors: Nina Rohrer-Baumgartner, Ingvil Laberg Holthe, Edel Jannecke Svendsen, Cecilie Røe, Jens Egeland, Ida M. H. Borgen, Solveig L. Hauger, Marit V. Forslund, Cathrine Brunborg, Hege Prag Øra, Hilde Margrete Dahl, Line Kildal Bragstad, Eli Marie Killi, Maria Sandhaug, Ingerid Kleffelgård, Anine Pernille Strand-Saugnes…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:169
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  29. Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solutions are used for volume therapy to treat hypovolemia due to acute blood loss and to maintain hemodynamic stability. This study was requested by the European Medicines Agency (EM...

    Authors: Wolfgang Buhre, Dianne de Korte-de Boer, Marcelo Gama de Abreu, Thomas Scheeren, Matthias Gruenewald, Andreas Hoeft, Donat R. Spahn, Alexander Zarbock, Sylvia Daamen, Martin Westphal, Ute Brauer, Tamara Dehnhardt, Sonja Schmier, Jean-Francois Baron, Stefan De Hert, Željka Gavranović…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:168
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  31. Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is widely accepted as a local treatment for gastrointestinal tract tumors. As a simplified endoscopic procedure, hybrid ESD (H-ESD) has been performed for colorectal neop...

    Authors: Mitsuru Esaki, Eikichi Ihara, Hiroyuki Fujii, Yorinobu Sumida, Kazuhiro Haraguchi, Shunsuke Takahashi, Tsutomu Iwasa, Kayoko Nakano, Masafumi Wada, Shinichi Somada, Yosuke Minoda, Haruei Ogino, Koshiro Tagawa and Yoshihiro Ogawa
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:166
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  32. Gabapentin, a neurotransmitter modulator, is thought to treat refractory cough associated with interstitial lung disease by improving cough hypersensitivity.

    Authors: Ronglin Gao, Xianghuai Xu, Shengyuan Wang, Jincheng Pu, Cuiqin Shi, Siwan Wen, Yiqing Zhu, Jianping Tang, Xuan Wang and Li Yu
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:165
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  33. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children can lead to a huge burden on the concerned patients and their family members. While successful state-of-the art cognitive behavioral interventions exist, there i...

    Authors: Annette Conzelmann, Karsten Hollmann, Anna Haigis, Heinrich Lautenbacher, Verena Bizu, Rehan App, Matthias Nickola, Gunilla Wewetzer, Christoph Wewetzer, Tord Ivarsson, Norbert Skokauskas, Lidewij H. Wolters, Gudmundur Skarphedinsson, Bernhard Weidle, Else de Haan, Nor Christian Torp…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:164
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  34. Few new drugs have been developed for chronic pain. Drug development is challenged by uncertainty about whether the drug engages the human target sufficiently to have a meaningful pharmacodynamic effect. IMI2-...

    Authors: Zahra Nochi, Hossein Pia, Petra Bloms-Funke, Irmgard Boesl, Ombretta Caspani, Sonya C. Chapman, Francesca Fardo, Bernd Genser, Marcus Goetz, Anna V. Kostenko, Caterina Leone, Thomas Li, André Mouraux, Bernhard Pelz, Esther Pogatzki-Zahn, Andreas Schilder…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:163
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  35. Functional ankle instability (FAI) of college football players is an important risk factor affecting their training and competition. Physical therapy and appropriate sports intervention can improve the stabili...

    Authors: Youhua Li, Xingyue Liu, Xiwen Luo and Chunjie Guo
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:162
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

    The Correction to this article has been published in Trials 2022 23:351

  36. Science-driven storytelling and entertainment-education (E-E) media demonstrate potential for promoting improved attitudes and behavioral intent towards health-related practices. Months after the outbreak of c...

    Authors: Simiao Chen, Sebastian Forster, Juntao Yang, Fengyun Yu, Lirui Jiao, Jennifer Gates, Zhuoran Wang, Haitao Liu, Qiushi Chen, Pascal Geldsetzer, Peixin Wu, Chen Wang, Shannon McMahon, Till Bärnighausen and Maya Adam
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:161
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  37. Everyday people die unnecessarily from opioid overdose-related addiction. Dentists are among the leading prescribers of opioid analgesics. Opioid-seeking behaviors have been linked to receipt of initial opioid...

    Authors: Cecile A. Feldman, Janine Fredericks-Younger, Shou-En Lu, Paul J. Desjardins, Hans Malmstrom, Michael Miloro, Gary Warburton, Brent Ward, Vincent Ziccardi and Daniel Fine
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:160
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  38. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is due to the obstruction of the upper airway during sleep. This condition is often associated with multiple symptoms and co-morbidities. There are many treatment options mentione...

    Authors: Vikram Belkhode, Surekha Godbole, Sharayu Nimonkar, Pranali Nimonkar and Sweta Pisulkar
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:159
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  39. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a disruptive increase in the number of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS is a severe, life-t...

    Authors: Leila Atmowihardjo, Job R. Schippers, Imke H. Bartelink, Pierre M. Bet, Nienke van Rein, Keith Purdy, David Cavalla, Valérie Comberiati, Andrew McElroy, Sue D. Snape, Harm Jan Bogaard, Leo Heunks, Nicole Juffermans, Marcus Schultz, Pieter R. Tuinman, Lieuwe D. J. Bos…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:158
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  40. Women with BRCA1/2 mutations have a higher risk of developing breast and ovarian cancer compared to women of the general population. Various preventive options are available to deal with the increased risk of dev...

    Authors: Sibylle Kautz-Freimuth, Marcus Redaèlli, Anna Isselhard, Arim Shukri, Andrea Vodermaier, Kerstin Rhiem, Rita Schmutzler and Stephanie Stock
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:157
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  41. Pressure ulcers (PUs) on the buttocks are among the most common secondary complications in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). PUs can result from sitting for extended periods, disuse atrophy, i...

    Authors: Boas J. Wijker, Sonja de Groot, Johanna M. van Dongen, Femke van Nassau, Jacinthe J. E. Adriaansen, Wendy J. Achterberg-Warmer, Johan R. Anema, Andries T. Riedstra, Maurits W. van Tulder and Thomas W. J. Janssen
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:156
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  42. Up to 80% of women use some form of pharmacological analgesia during labour and birth. The side effects of pharmacological agents are often incompatible with the concurrent use of non-pharmacological pain reli...

    Authors: Nigel Lee, Yu Gao, Lena B. Mårtensson, Leonie Callaway, Belinda Barnett and Sue Kildea
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:155
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

    The Publisher Correction to this article has been published in Trials 2022 23:321

  43. Low- and middle-income countries have a high prevalence of primary hypertension, but its treatment and control are often low. Heat-sensitive moxibustion (HSM), an innovative acupoint stimulation technique, may...

    Authors: Xu Zhou, Shuqing Li, Ling Li, Guihua Deng, Li Dai, Luyu Chai, Qingni Wu, Ziqian Yao, Minchao Deng, Weifeng Zhu, Yong Fu and Xin Sun
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:154
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  44. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an indispensable procedure for the management of pancreaticobiliary diseases. Post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP) is the most common serious adverse event. One...

    Authors: Lawrence Hookey, Mandip Rai and Robert Bechara
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:153
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  45. Identifying and supporting young children who are at risk of developing anxiety disorders would benefit children, families, and wider society. Elevated anxiety symptoms, inhibited temperament, and high parenta...

    Authors: Tessa Reardon, Helen Dodd, Claire Hill, Bec Jasper, Peter J. Lawrence, Fran Morgan, Ronald M. Rapee, Obioha C. Ukoumunne, Mara Violato, Emily Davey, Gemma Halliday, Benjamin Jones, Lindsey Martineau, Amy McCall, Natascha Niekamp, Anna Placzek…
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:149
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  46. Insomnia is a common sleep-related condition that includes dissatisfaction with sleep quality, difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep, and early morning waking. Insomnia can affect daytime functioning b...

    Authors: Lifen Wang, Ruisen Wang, Yanling Yao, Xue Bai and Gang Sheng
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:152
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  47. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most deadly cancer affecting US adults and is also one of the most treatable cancers when detected at an earlier clinical stage of disease through screening. CRC health di...

    Authors: John S. Luque, Olayemi O. Matthew, Deloria R. Jackson, Matthew A. Vargas, Tifini Austin, Askal Ali, Gebre E. Kiros, Cynthia M. Harris, Rima Tawk, Clement K. Gwede, Kristin Wallace and Pascal Jean-Pierre
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:151
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  48. Authors: Javed Akram, Shehnoor Azhar, Muhammad Shahzad, Waqas Latif and Khalid Saeed Khan
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:150
    Content type: Correction Published on:

    The original article was published in Trials 2020 21:702

  49. High blood pressure is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. The prevalence of high blood pressure is steadily rising as the population grows amongst older adults with the ageing population. T...

    Authors: Swapnil Hiremath, Dean Fergusson, Greg Knoll, Tim Ramsay, Jennifer Kong and Marcel Ruzicka
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:147
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  50. Thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) is a widely advocated regional technique for alleviating postoperative pain in children undergoing elective pectus excavatum repair. However, this technique is associated wi...

    Authors: Min Xu, Guangchao Zhang, Jingxuan Gong and Jing Yang
    Citation: Trials 2022 23:139
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:
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