Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Impact of an innovative approach to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV—Malawi, July 2011–September 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(8):148–51.
Google Scholar
Malawi Ministry of Health. Integrated HIV Program Report: October–December 2014. Lilongwe: Malawi Ministry Of Health; 2014. https://hiv.health.gov.mw/index.php/our-documents. Accessed 2 Apr 2019
Google Scholar
Malawi Ministry of Health. Integrated HIV Program Report July–September 2016. Lilongwe: Malawi Ministry Of Health; 2016. https://hiv.health.gov.mw/index.php/our-documents. Accessed 2 Apr 2019
Google Scholar
Sinunu MA, Schouten EJ, Wadonda-Kabondo N, Kajawo E, Eliya M, Moyo K, et al. Evaluating the impact of prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Malawi through immunization clinic-based surveillance. PLOS One. 2014;9(6):e100741.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim MH, Ahmed S, Hosseinipour MC, Giordano TP, Chiao EY, Yu X, et al. Implementation and operational research: the impact of option B+ on the antenatal PMTCT cascade in Lilongwe, Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(5):e77–83.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kim MH, Ahmed S, Hosseinipour MC, Yu X, Nguyen C, Chimbwandira F, et al. Brief report: impact of option B+ on the infant PMTCT cascade in Lilongwe, Malawi. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;70(1):99–103.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Herce ME, Mtande T, Chimbwandira F, Mofolo I, Chingondole CK, Rosenberg NE, et al. Supporting Option B+ scale up and strengthening the prevention of mother-to-child transmission cascade in central Malawi: results from a serial cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:328.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ahmed S, Kim MH, Abrams EJ. Risks and benefits of lifelong antiretroviral treatment for pregnant and breastfeeding women: a review of the evidence for the Option B+ approach. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2013;8(5):473–88.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Napua M, Pfeiffer JT, Chale F, Hoek R, Manuel J, Michel C, et al. Option B+ in Mozambique: formative research findings for the design of a facility-level clustered randomized controlled trial to improve ART retention in antenatal care. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(Suppl 2):S181–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Puttkammer N, Domercant JW, Adler M, Yuhas K, Myrtil M, Young P, et al. ART attrition and risk factors among Option B+ patients in Haiti: a retrospective cohort study. PLOS One. 2017;12(3):e0173123.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Dzangare J, Takarinda KC, Harries AD, Tayler-Smith K, Mhangara M, Apollo TM, et al. HIV testing uptake and retention in care of HIV-infected pregnant and breastfeeding women initiated on ‘Option B+’ in rural Zimbabwe. Tropical Med Int Health. 2016;21(2):202–9.
Article
Google Scholar
Erlwanger AS, Joseph J, Gotora T, Muzunze B, Orne-Gliemann J, Mukungunugwa S, et al. Patterns of HIV care clinic attendance and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV in the context of Option B+ in Zimbabwe. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S198–206.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Llenas-Garcia J, Wikman-Jorgensen P, Hobbins M, Mussa MA, Ehmer J, Keiser O, et al. Retention in care of HIV-infected pregnant and lactating women starting ART under Option B+ in rural Mozambique. Tropical Med Int Health. 2016;21(8):1003–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Okawa S, Chirwa M, Ishikawa N, Kapyata H, Msiska CY, Syakantu G, et al. Longitudinal adherence to antiretroviral drugs for preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Zambia. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2015;15:258.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Farquhar C, Kiarie JN, Richardson BA, Kabura MN, John FN, Nduati RW, et al. Antenatal couple counseling increases uptake of interventions to prevent HIV-1 transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004;37(5):1620–6.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nyondo AL, Chimwaza AF, Muula AS. Exploring the relevance of male involvement in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV services in Blantyre. Malawi BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2014;14:30.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tweya H, Gugsa S, Hosseinipour M, Speight C, Ng'ambi W, Bokosi M, et al. Understanding factors, outcomes and reasons for loss to follow-up among women in Option B+ PMTCT programme in Lilongwe, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health. 2014;19(11):1360–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Clouse K, Schwartz S, Van Rie A, Bassett J, Yende N, Pettifor A. “What they wanted was to give birth; nothing else”: barriers to retention in option B+ HIV care among postpartum women in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(1):e12–8.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gugsa S, Potter K, Tweya H, Phiri S, Sande O, Sikwese P, et al. Exploring factors associated with ART adherence and retention in care under Option B+ strategy in Malawi: a qualitative study. PLOS One. 2017;12(6):e0179838.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kim MH, Mazenga AC, Simon K, Yu X, Ahmed S, Nyasulu P, et al. Burnout and self-reported suboptimal patient care amongst health care workers providing HIV care in Malawi. PLOS One. 2018;13(2):e0192983.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
CAS
Google Scholar
Kanters S, Park JJ, Chan K, Socias ME, Ford N, Forrest JI, et al. Interventions to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(1):e31–40.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ambia J, Mandala J. A systematic review of interventions to improve prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission service delivery and promote retention. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):20309.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Geldsetzer P, Yapa HM, Vaikath M, Ogbuoji O, Fox MP, Essajee SM, et al. A systematic review of interventions to improve postpartum retention of women in PMTCT and ART care. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):20679.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shroufi A, Mafara E, Saint-Sauveur JF, Taziwa F, Viñoles MC. Mother to Mother (M2M) peer support for women in Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) programmes: a qualitative study. PLOS One. 2013;8(6):e64717.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kiweewa FM, Wabwire D, Nakibuuka J, Mubiru M, Bagenda D, Musoke P, et al. Noninferiority of a task-shifting HIV care and treatment model using peer counselors and nurses among Ugandan women initiated on ART: evidence from a randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2013;63(4):e125–32.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Richter L, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Van Heerden A, Stein A, Tomlinson M, Harwood JM, et al. Pregnant women living with HIV (WLH) supported at clinics by peer WLH: a cluster randomized controlled trial. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(4):706–15.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mushamiri I, Luo C, Iiams-Hauser C, Ben AY. Evaluation of the impact of a mobile health system on adherence to antenatal and postnatal care and prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programs in Kenya. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:102.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kim MH, Ahmed S, Buck WC, Preidis GA, Hosseinipour MC, Bhalakia A, et al. The Tingathe programme: a pilot intervention using community health workers to create a continuum of care in the prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) cascade of services in Malawi. J Int AIDS Soc. 2012;15(Suppl 2):17389.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Finocchario-Kessler S, Gautney BJ, Khamadi S, Okoth V, Goggin K, Spinler JK, et al. If you text them, they will come: using the HIV infant tracking system to improve early infant diagnosis quality and retention in Kenya. AIDS (London, England). 2014;28(Suppl 3):S313–21.
Article
Google Scholar
Odeny TA, Bukusi EA, Cohen CR, Yuhas K, Camlin CS, McClelland RS. Texting improves testing: a randomized trial of two-way SMS to increase postpartum prevention of mother-to-child transmission retention and infant HIV testing. AIDS. 2014;28(15):2307–12.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kassaye SG, Ong'ech J, Sirengo M, Kose J, Matu L, McOdida P, et al. Cluster-randomized controlled study of SMS text messages for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in rural Kenya. AIDS Res Treat. 2016;2016:1289328.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schwartz SR, Clouse K, Yende N, Van Rie A, Bassett J, Ratshefola M, et al. Acceptability and feasibility of a mobile phone-based case management intervention to retain mothers and infants from an Option B+ program in postpartum HIV care. Mantern Child Health J. 2015;19(9):2029–37.
Article
Google Scholar
Yotebieng M, Thirumurthy H, Moracco KE, Kawende B, Chalachala JL, Wenzi LK, et al. Conditional cash transfers and uptake of and retention in prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission care: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(2):e85–93.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mundell JP, Visser MJ, Makin JD, Kershaw TS, Forsyth BWC, Jeffery B, et al. The impact of structured support groups for pregnant South African women recently diagnosed HIV positive. Women Health. 2011;51(6):546–65.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kanters S, Park JJ, Chan K, Ford N, Forrest J, Thorlund K, et al. Use of peers to improve adherence to antiretroviral therapy: a global network meta-analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19(1):21141.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rollins NC, Essajee SM, Bellare N, Doherty M, Hirnschall GO. Improving retention in care among pregnant women and mothers living with HIV: lessons from INSPIRE and implications for future WHO guidance and monitoring. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S111–4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pfeiffer JT, Napua M, Wagenaar BH, Chale F, Hoek R, Micek M, et al. Stepped-wedge cluster randomized controlled trial to promote Option B+ retention in central Mozambique. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76(3):273–80.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mwapasa V, Joseph J, Tchereni T, Jousset A, Gunda A. Impact of mother-infant pair clinics and short-text messaging service (SMS) reminders on retention of HIV-infected women and HIV-exposed infants in eMTCT care in Malawi: a cluster randomized trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S123–31.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sam-Agudu NA, Ramadhani HO, Isah C, Anaba U, Erekaha S, Fan-Osuala C, et al. The impact of structured mentor mother programs on 6-month postpartum retention and viral suppression among HIV-positive women in rural Nigeria: a prospective paired cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S173–81.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Osibo B, Oronsaye F, Alo OD, Phillips A, Becquet R, Shaffer N, et al. Using small tests of change to improve PMTCT services in northern Nigeria: experiences from implementation of a continuous quality improvement and breakthrough series program. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S165–72.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Oyeledun B, Phillips A, Oronsaye F, Alo OD, Shaffer N, Osibo B, et al. The effect of a continuous quality improvement intervention on retention-in-care at 6 months postpartum in a PMTCT program in northern Nigeria: results of a cluster randomized controlled study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S156–64.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phiri S, Tweya H, van Lettow M, Rosenberg NE, Trapence C, Kapito-Tembo A, et al. Impact of facility- and community-based peer support models on maternal uptake and retention in Malawi's Option B+ HIV prevention of mother-to-child transmission program: a 3-arm cluster randomized controlled trial (PURE Malawi). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S140–8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Shelley KD, Belete YW, Phiri SC, Musonda M, Kawesha EC, Muleya EM, et al. Implementation of the community health assistant (CHA) cadre in Zambia: a process evaluation to guide future scale-up decisions. J Community Health. 2016;41(2):398–408.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Condo J, Mugeni C, Naughton B, Hall K, Tuazon MA, Omwega A, et al. Rwanda's evolving community health worker system: a qualitative assessment of client and provider perspectives. Hum Resour Health. 2014;12:71.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pallas SW, Minhas D, Pérez-Escamilla R, Taylor L, Curry L, Bradley EH. Community health workers in low- and middle-income countries: what do we know about scaling up and sustainability? Am J Public Health. 2013;103(7):e74–82.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hosseinipour M, Nelson JAE, Trapence C, Rutstein SE, Kasende F, Kayoyo V, et al. Viral suppression and HIV drug resistance at 6 months among women in Malawi's Option B+ program: results From the PURE Malawi study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;75(Suppl 2):S149–55.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Aliyu MH, Blevins M, Audet CM, Kalish M, Gebi UI, Onwujekwe O, et al. Integrated prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission services, antiretroviral therapy initiation, and maternal and infant retention in care in rural north-central Nigeria: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(5):e202–11.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Myer L, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, Brittain K, Lesosky M, Hsiao N-Y, et al. Integration of postpartum healthcare services for HIV-infected women and their infants in South Africa: a randomised controlled trial. PLOS Med. 2018;15(3):e1002547.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chiasson MA, Shaw FS, Humberstone M, Hirshfield S, Hartel D. Increased HIV disclosure three months after an online video intervention for men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS Care. 2009;21(9):1081–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Essien EJ, Mgbere O, Monjok E, Ekong E, Holstad MM, Kalichman SC. Effectiveness of a video-based motivational skills-building HIV risk-reduction intervention for female military personnel. Soc Sci Med. 2011;72(1):63–71.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ingersoll KS, Farrell-Carnahan L, Cohen-Filipic J, Heckman CJ, Ceperich SD, Hettema J, et al. A pilot randomized clinical trial of two medication adherence and drug use interventions for HIV+ crack cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2011;116(1–3):177–87.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
O'Donnell CR, O'Donnell L, San Doval A, Duran R, Labes K. Reductions in STD infections subsequent to an STD clinic visit. Using video-based patient education to supplement provider interactions. Sex Transm Dis. 1998;25(3):161–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
O'Donnell L, San Doval A, Duran R, O'Donnell CR. The effectiveness of video-based interventions in promoting condom acquisition among STD clinic patients. Sex Transm Dis. 1995;22(2):97–103.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sobel RM, Paasche-Orlow MK, Waite KR, Rittner SS, Wilson EA, Wolf MS. Asthma 1-2-3: a low literacy multimedia tool to educate African American adults about asthma. J Community Health. 2009;34(4):321–7.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tuong W, Larsen ER, Armstrong AW. Videos to influence: a systematic review of effectiveness of video-based education in modifying health behaviors. J Behav Med. 2014;37(2):218–33.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Sweat M, O'Donnell C, O'Donnell L. Cost-effectiveness of a brief video-based HIV intervention for African American and Latino sexually transmitted disease clinic clients. AIDS. 2001;15(6):781–7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kim MH, Ahmed S, Tembo T, Sabelli R, Flick R, Yu X, et al. VITAL Start: Video-Based intervention to Inspire Treatment Adherence for Life—pilot of a novel video-based approach to HIV counseling for pregnant women living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:3140–51.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
The World Bank. World Bank Online Data. 2018. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?locations=MW. Accessed 2 Apr 2019.
Google Scholar
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). Human Development Report 2016: Human Development for Everyone. New York: UNDP; 2016. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/HDR2016_EN_Overview_Web.pdf. Accessed 2 Apr 2019.
National Statistical Office Malawi, ICF International. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2015–16: Key Indicators Report. Zomba; 2016. https://www.healthynewbornnetwork.org/hnn-content/uploads/Malawi-DHS-2015-2016-KIR-Final-05-27-2016.pdf. Accessed 2 Apr 2019
Ministry of Health: Malawi ARV Patient Education Flip Chart (2015). Lilongwe: Ministry of Health; 2019. https://www.tingathe.org/uploads/8/8/3/0/88301718/malawi_arv_patient_education_flipchart_general.pdf. Accessed 2 Apr 2019.
Bellg AJ, Borrelli B, Resnick B, Hecht J, Minicucci DS, Ory M, et al. Enhancing treatment fidelity in health behavior change studies: best practices and recommendations from the NIH Behavior Change Consortium. Health Psychol. 2004;23(5):443–51.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Slaughter SE, Hill JN, Snelgrove-Clarke E. What is the extent and quality of documentation and reporting of fidelity to implementation strategies: a scoping review. Implement Sci. 2015;10:129.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sussman JB, Hayward RA. An IV for the RCT: using instrumental variables to adjust for treatment contamination in randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2010;340:c2073.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Dusenbury L, Brannigan R, Falco M, Hansen WB. A review of research on fidelity of implementation: implications for drug abuse prevention in school settings. Health Educ Res. 2003;18(2):237–56.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Phillips T, Brittain K, Mellins CA, Zerbe A, Remien RH, Abrams EJ, et al. A self-reported adherence measure to screen for elevated HIV viral load in pregnant and postpartum women on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(2):450–61.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wilson IB, Fowler FJ Jr, Cosenza CA, Michaud J, Bentkover J, Rana A, et al. Cognitive and field testing of a new set of medication adherence self-report items for HIV care. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(12):2349–58.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Haas AD, Msukwa MT, Egger M, Tenthani L, Tweya H, Jahn A, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy during and after pregnancy: cohort study on women receiving care in Malawi's Option B+ program. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(9):1227–35.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Myer L, Phillips TK, Zerbe A, Ronan A, Hsiao NY, Mellins CA, et al. Optimizing antiretroviral therapy (ART) for maternal and child health (MCH): rationale and design of the MCH-ART study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(Suppl 2):S189–96.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chesney MA, Ickovics JR, Chambers DB, Gifford AL, Neidig J, Zwickl B, et al. Self-reported adherence to antiretroviral medications among participants in HIV clinical trials: the AACTG adherence instruments. Patient Care Committee & Adherence Working Group of the Outcomes Committee of the Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group (AACTG). AIDS Care. 2000;12(3):255–66.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Johnson MO, Neilands TB, Dilworth SE, Morin SF, Remien RH, Chesney MA. The role of self-efficacy in HIV treatment adherence: validation of the HIV Treatment Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (HIV-ASES). J Behav Med. 2007;30(5):359–70.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
LifeWindows Project Team. The LifeWindows Information Motivation Behavioral Skills ART Adherence Questionnaire (LW-IMB-AAQ). Storrs: Center for Health, Intervention, and Prevention, University of Connecticut; 2006.
Google Scholar
Ellsberg M, Heise L. Researching violence against women: a practical guide for researchers and activists. Washington, DC: World Health Organization, PATH; 2005.
Google Scholar
Stewart RC, Umar E, Tomenson B, Creed F. Validation of the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the relationship between social support, intimate partner violence and antenatal depression in Malawi. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:180.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Stewart RC, Kauye F, Umar E, Vokhiwa M, Bunn J, Fitzgerald M, et al. Validation of a Chichewa version of the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) as a brief screening measure for maternal depressive disorder in Malawi, Africa. J Affect Disord. 2009;112(1–3):126–34.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bradley KA, Bush KR, Epler AJ, Dobie DJ, Davis TM, Sporleder JL, et al. Two brief alcohol-screening tests from the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): validation in a female Veterans Affairs patient population. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(7):821–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Voluse AC, Gioia CJ, Sobell LC, Dum M, Sobell MB, Simco ER. Psychometric properties of the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test (DUDIT) with substance abusers in outpatient and residential treatment. Addict Behav. 2012;37(1):36–41.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Barry OM, Bergh AM, Makin JD, Etsane E, Kershaw TS, Forsyth BW. Development of a measure of the patient-provider relationship in antenatal care and its importance in PMTCT. AIDS Care. 2012;24(6):680–6.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Webster TR, Mantopoulos J, Jackson E, Cole-Lewis H, Kidane L, Kebede S, et al. A brief questionnaire for assessing patient healthcare experiences in low-income settings. Int J Qual Health Care. 2011;23(3):258–68.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zheng K, Guo MH, Hanauer DA. Using the time and motion method to study clinical work processes and workflow: methodological inconsistencies and a call for standardized research. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011;18(5):704–10.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Munene E, Ekman B. Association between patient engagement in HIV care and antiretroviral therapy medication adherence: cross-sectional evidence from a regional HIV care center in Kenya. AIDS Care. 2015;27(3):378–86.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nachega JB, Uthman OA, Anderson J, Peltzer K, Wampold S, Cotton MF, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy during and after pregnancy in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2012;26(16):2039–52.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Castillo-Mancilla JR, Phillips AN, Neaton JD, Neuhaus J, Collins S, Mannheimer S, et al. Association of suboptimal antiretroviral therapy adherence with inflammation in virologically suppressed individuals enrolled in the SMART study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2017;5(1):ofx275.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ewart CK. Social action theory for a public health psychology. Am Psychol. 1991;46(9):931–46.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Smith RL. Sequential treatment allocation using biased coin designs. J R Stat Soc Ser B Methodol. 1984;46(3):519–43.
Google Scholar
Fleischmann R, Decker AM, Kraft A, Mai K, Schmidt S. Mobile electronic versus paper case report forms in clinical trials: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2017;17(1):153.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Gorbach PM, Mensch BS, Husnik M, Coly A, Masse B, Makanani B, et al. Effect of computer-assisted interviewing on self-reported sexual behavior data in a microbicide clinical trial. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(2):790–800.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Weinstein MC, Siegel JE, Gold MR, Kamlet MS, Russell LB. Recommendations of the Panel on Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. JAMA. 1996;276(15):1253–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Drummond MF, Sculpher MJ, Claxton K, Stoddart GL, Torrance GW. Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2015.
Google Scholar
Hauck K, Smith P, Goddard M. The economics of priority setting for health care: a literature review. HNP Discussion Paper. Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2004.
Google Scholar
Lopetegui M, Yen PY, Lai A, Jeffries J, Embi P, Payne P. Time motion studies in healthcare: what are we talking about? J Biomed Inform. 2014;49:292–9.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
King TL, Kho EK, Tiong YH, Julaihi SN. Comparison of effectiveness and time-efficiency between multimedia and conventional counselling on metered-dose inhaler technique education. Singap Med J. 2015;56(2):103–8.
Article
Google Scholar
Marseille E, Larson B, Kazi DS, Kahn JG, Rosen S. Thresholds for the cost-effectiveness of interventions: alternative approaches. Bull World Health Organ. 2015;93(2):118–24.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
GDP per capita (current US$): The World Bank Group; 2018. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.pcap.cd. Accessed 27 Sep 2019.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE). Defining the role of authors and contributors http://icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html. Accessed 14 Jun 2018.