Skip to main content

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) to enhance nerve regeneration in carpal tunnel syndrome: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial

Abstract

Background

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common form of peripheral nerve injury, affecting approximately 3 % of the population. While surgery is effective in mild and moderate cases, nerve and functional recovery are often not complete in severe cases. Therefore, there is a need for adjuvant methods to improve nerve regeneration in those cases. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) is involved in lipid transport, vital for mitochondrial function. Although it has been shown to be effective in various forms of neuropathies, it has not been used in traumatic or compressive peripheral nerve injury.

Methods

In this pilot study we will utilize a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design. Inclusion criteria will include adult patients with severe CTS. This will be confirmed by nerve conduction studies and motor unit number estimation (MUNE). Only those with severe motor unit loss in the thenar muscles (2 standard deviations [SD] below the mean for the age group) will be included. Eligible patients will be randomized to receive 3,000 mg/day of ALCAR orally or placebo following carpal tunnel release surgery for 2 months. The primary outcome will be MUNE with supplementary secondary outcome measures that include: 1) two-point discrimination; 2) Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments for pressure sensitivity; 3) cold and pain threshold for small fiber function; 4) Boston self-assessment Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire and 5) Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire for symptom severity; and 6) Purdue Pegboard Test for hand functional performance. To follow post treatment recovery and monitor safety, patients will be seen at 3 months, 6 months and 1 year. The outcome measures will be analyzed using two-way ANOVA, with treatment assignment and time points being the independent factors. If significant associations are detected, a post hoc analysis will be completed. We aim to recruit ten patients into each of the two groups. Data from this pilot will provide the basis for power calculation for a full-scale trial.

Discussion

ALCAR is a physiologic peptide crucial for fatty acid transport. ALCAR has been shown to be effective in neuroprotection in the central nervous system and increase peripheral nerve regeneration. This has been applied clinically to various systemic peripheral neuropathies including diabetic neuropathy, antiretroviral toxic neuropathy, and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. While animal evidence exists for the benefit of ALCAR in compression neuropathy, there have been no human studies to date. This trial will represent the first use of ALCAR in peripheral nerve injury/compression neuropathy.

Trial registration

NCT02141035; 20 April 2015

Peer Review reports

Background

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve injury. Based on the clinical assessment of 3,000 randomly chosen individuals in Sweden, the prevalence of confirmed CTS was almost 3 % in the general population [1]. Of those, 25 % had severe symptoms and nerve injury that could not be sufficiently managed through conservative means [2]. The large number of afflicted individuals poses a major healthcare cost and social economic burden [3]. Indeed, it is estimated that up to half a million patients undergo surgery for CTS each year in the United States with an associated healthcare cost that exceeds $2 billion [4]. Therefore, much effort has been spent on attempts to improve treatment outcomes. Although conservative measures such as wrist splinting can be effective in milder cases, surgery is needed to relieve pressure on the median nerve when conservative measures fail. However, even with surgery, the outcome in more severe cases in which substantial axonal degeneration has already occurred remains poor [5]. One major reason is that even though injured nerve fibers have an inherent ability to regenerate, the regeneration proceeds very slowly with rates of only 1 mm/day in ideal circumstances [6, 7]. The regenerative capacity of axons and the Schwann cell (SC) growth support decline with time and distance from injury [8, 9].

To improve the speed and extent of nerve regeneration, novel treatment strategies are being explored. While decompression surgery is useful in alleviating further mechanical injury to the median nerve, it does little to influence the underlying molecular mechanisms of peripheral nerve regeneration. Although a number of potential therapeutic agents including FK506 [10], geldanamycin [11] and fibroblast growth factor [12] have been studied, their safety and tolerability for human application have challenges. In contrast, acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) has an excellent safety track record for human use. It is a naturally occurring molecule that acts as an acetyl donor group that is critical for lipid transport and the maintaining of mitochondrial function. In vitro studies showed that ALCAR promoted cerebellar neuronal maturation and increased peripheral nerve regeneration in animal studies [13]. These findings prompted the evaluation of ALCAR in various neuropathies to improve nerve regeneration. Clinical conditions studied include antiretroviral toxic neuropathy [14], diabetic neuropathy [15] and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy [16]. Those studies showed that patients treated with ALCAR have less pain and better motor and sensory function. While this data is encouraging, the use of ALCAR in patients with compressive neuropathies remains largely untested. In an animal study, Kotil et al. found histopathological evidence of improvement when ALCAR was administered on its own or with concomitant decompression surgery [17]. The only human study to date that includes compression neuropathies was primarily designed to examine the tolerability of ALCAR [18]. However, evidence of nerve regeneration was not a primary objective of that study.

Objective

The objective of the trial is to determine the efficacy of ALCAR on nerve regeneration in patients with severe CTS.

Hypothesis

ALCAR will significantly increase motor axonal regeneration, improve sensory function and more rapidly resolve CTS symptoms.

Methods

Basic trial design

This double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial has received ethics approval from the University of Alberta Health Ethics Research Board (Pro00045538). The study protocol has been reviewed by Health Canada, and a No Objection Letter (NOL) has been issued for the use of ALCAR. Subjects will be recruited from plastic surgery clinics at the University of Alberta Hospital and Royal Alexandra Hospital as well as the electromyography (EMG) clinic at the Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital.

Subjects

All patients referred to either the plastic surgery clinics or the EMG lab will be eligible to be screened. Inclusion into the study will be based upon the criteria listed in Table 1. Patients meeting eligibility criteria will be recruited and informed consent will be obtained. They will then undergo motor unit number estimation (MUNE) to quantify the severity of motor axonal loss. Only those with motor axonal loss of > 2 SD below the mean for the age group will be included in the study.

Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria for patient selection

Randomization

After enrollment, patients will be randomized to placebo or ALCAR. A randomization sequence will be generated electronically and kept by a statistician not directly involved in patient care. Randomization will be kept on a computer under password encryption. The randomization code will only be broken if a patient experiences a severe adverse event. At the end of the study the statistician will provide the research team with the randomization codes.

Blinding

The study will be administered in a double-blind manner. The randomization sequence will be kept confidential and only accessible to authorized personnel. The pharmacy will distribute identical pills in bottles labeled with A or B. The research team will be unaware of which contains the study drug or placebo. This will be maintained until the final follow-up has occurred, at which point the research team will be unblinded.

Primary outcome

The primary endpoint will be motor axon reinnervation in the thenar muscles. This will be done using MUNE, a non-invasive electrophysiological technique. Initially introduced in the 1970s [19, 20], multipoint stimulation, the most commonly used MUNE technique, has been shown to be a reliable test for measuring motor axon reinnervation [5]. Apart from providing an objective assessment of large myelinated nerve fibers, MUNE will also serve as a screening tool for eligibility for the trial. To quantify treatment response, MUNE will be repeated at 3, 6 and 12 months post-operatively.

Secondary outcomes

Secondary outcomes of the study focus on sensory function restoration and functional outcomes. Measures will include:

  1. 1.

    Two-point discrimination (Aβ fibers) using Dellon-MacKinnon Disk

  2. 2.

    Pressure sensitivity (Aβ fibers) using Semmes-Weinstein monofilament

  3. 3.

    Cold threshold (Aδ fibers) and pain threshold (C fibers) using CASE IV quantitative sensory testing (QST) equipment

  4. 4.

    Boston CTS Questionnaire to monitor symptom severity

  5. 5.

    Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaire for functional outcomes

  6. 6.

    Moberg Pick-up Test to measure hand dexterity and functional performance

All outcome measures will be monitored at baseline, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months. Sensory testing of peripheral nerves provides more of a challenge, given the multiple fiber types that provide sensory feedback. The above list of tests is designed to capture the full range of sensory fiber functions. A major advantage of QST is that it provides an objective means of measuring the function of different classes of nerve fibers with good reliability. The DASH and the Boston questionnaires used to evaluate symptom severity are both well validated in CTS [21]. Finally, to objectively measure hand functional performance, the Moberg Pick-up Test is a validated tool for CTS with good reliability [22]. All primary and secondary outcome measures will be performed by the same investigators (MC, KMC). To verify the inter-rater reliability of these tests, a subset of patients will undergo separate assessment by two investigators independently in a blinded manner.

Interventions

Patients will be assigned to either the placebo or ALCAR arm of the study. Both placebo and ALCAR will be fabricated by the same pharmaceutical company (Sigma-Tau, Rome, Italy). They are identical in appearance and taste. Upon arrival, the tablets will be packaged by the pharmacy into identical boxes labeled with a random sequence code. Both groups will undergo open carpal tunnel release without epineurolysis performed by experienced hand surgeons (JO, MM). Post-operatively, patients will take the medications for 2 months. Patients randomized to the ALCAR arm will take 3,000 mg orally divided in three times per day dosing, while the control group will take a matched placebo. The dosing schedule for the study drug was chosen based on previous work by Bianchi et al. (2005) that showed good tolerability and efficacy [23].

Sample size

Initially, a pilot study of 20 patients will be carried out. Evaluation of the effect size will be based on the primary outcome MUNE. This will provide the necessary data for the sample size calculation for a fully powered large-scale study.

Statistical analysis

Demographic data will be compiled and analyzed for differences using a Student’s t-test and Fisher’s exact test. The primary and secondary outcome measures will be analyzed using two-way ANOVA with the treatment groups and time points being the independent factors. If significant associations are detected, a post hoc analysis will be done for pairwise comparisons. Due to the exploratory nature of the study, sample size calculations and formal analysis of missing data will not be undertaken.

Safety and potential risks

To monitor any potential adverse events, rigorous safety measures have been put in place to ensure patient safety. Initial baseline testing will include:

  1. 1.

    Physical examination

  2. 2.

    Vitals

  3. 3.

    EKG

  4. 4.

    Urine pregnancy tests

  5. 5.

    Complete blood count with differential, electrolytes (Na, K, Cl, CO2), creatinine, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin

  6. 6.

    Serum ALCAR

Vital signs (blood pressure, temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation) will be recorded at every visit. Safety lab tests including blood chemistries will be done at screening, and periodically during follow-up visits. In addition, an electrocardiogram will be done at screening. The serum ALCAR level will also be monitored. In healthy subjects, the serum ALCAR levels had a range of 10–70 μmol/L with a mean of 39 μmol/L. In a large study of over 333 patients with diabetic neuropathy taking 3 g of ALCAR/day (the same dose used in this study), the rise in serum level was only around 50 % compared to baseline. Since no sign of ALCAR toxicity was observed in any of the subjects, we anticipate that the chances of toxic effects in this study will be very small.

All adverse events will be documented at follow-up visits. Further laboratory investigations will be done depending on the nature and severity of the adverse events reported.

Trial management

The trial will be managed by a trial steering committee in accordance with Good Clinical Practice guidelines. The principle investigator, K. Ming Chan (KMC), will be primarily responsible for the overall trial functioning with assistance from Matthew Curran (MC). The administration of the study drug will be completed through the Research Pharmacy Office located at the Kaye Edmonton Clinic. Adverse events will be tracked and managed by a Drug Safety Monitoring Board. The trial has been registered with Clinicaltrials.gov (CT02141035).

Research team

Our group, as part of the Western Canada Regeneration Initiative, has a substantial track record in developing novel treatments for patients with peripheral nerve injury. KMC is an experienced clinician scientist in physical medicine and rehabilitation who will be responsible for evaluating the treatment outcomes and for overseeing the project. MC, a resident in the plastic surgery department, will be responsible for recruitment of patients, evaluating treatment outcomes and safety, data analysis and manuscript preparation. Jaret Olson (JO) and Michael Morhart (MM) are plastic surgeons who will be responsible for patient recruitment and performing the carpal tunnel release surgery. All investigators were involved in the study design and will continue to have a role in result analysis and writing of the manuscript.

Ethics

The study has ethical approval from the Health Research Ethics Board (Pro00045538) at the University of Alberta. The trial will be conducted in keeping with the principles of Good Clinical Practice.

Discussion

Acetyl-L-carnitine is a peptide natural product that plays a crucial role in fatty acid metabolism, acyl group transfer and transport into mitochondria. It has been shown to be beneficial in a number of disease states including oligospermia [24], hepatic encephalopathy [25] and dysthymia [26]. It has also been shown to have a positive impact on central and peripheral nervous system diseases. It can reverse signs of aging in rat brains [27]. In peripheral neuropathies it is thought that ALCAR enhances nerve growth factor receptor binding, allowing for neurite outgrowth through the ERK pathway [13, 28]. This effect has been demonstrated in diabetic neuropathy [15], chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy [16] and antiretroviral toxic neuropathy [14]. ALCAR is very well tolerated. Large trials have shown minimal side effects. Its practicality is further enhanced by the fact that the drug is active in oral preparation.

Strengths

Vigorous measures have been built into the study design. To prevent potential bias, we utilize a double-blinded, placebo-controlled design. To further reinforce this, data entry and review will be handled by a monitoring committee that will be working at arm’s length from the investigators who are directly interacting with the study subjects. Surgery will be performed by two experienced surgeons using a standardized technique for carpal tunnel release. To measure the effects of the therapeutic agent on nerve regeneration, we will be using MUNE as the primary outcome measure. This provides a physiological measure that can be directly compared with the data from animal studies. In addition, the protocol will also incorporate tests to provide comprehensive information on the full range of sensory nerve fibers.

Limitations

A potential limitation of our study is generalizability of the results. Since we will be deliberately focusing on only CTS patients with severe motor axonal loss, the results may not be applicable to those with mild and moderate disease. However, since severe carpal tunnel patients have the lowest potential for recovery even with surgery, it would be important to target this population. A second limitation of the study is that it is likely underpowered. However, since no prior studies on the effect size and variability of ALCAR in compressive neuropathy are available, data from this pilot study will be very useful in designing a full-scale study. The multiple comparisons would also reduce the statistical power of the study. Since this is meant to serve as an exploratory study, these considerations are not of primary concern.

Here we present a phase II randomized control trial design to determine the role of ALCAR in peripheral nerve regeneration in CTS. This is the first human study that looks at the efficacy of ALCAR in patients with compressive neuropathy. If effective, ALCAR will represent an important adjuvant therapy for patients with CTS. By improving motor and sensory recovery, patients could potentially return to their work and daily routines more quickly.

Trial status

Currently recruiting NCT02141035.

Abbreviations

ALCAR:

acetyl-L-carnitine

ANOVA:

analysis of variance

CTS:

carpal tunnel syndrome

EMG:

electromyography

JO:

Jaret Olson

KMC:

K. Ming Chan

MC:

Matthew Curran

MM:

Michael Morhart

NOL:

No Objection Letter

MUNE:

motor unit number estimation

QST:

quantitative sensory testing

SC:

Schwann cell

SD:

standard deviation

References

  1. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Ornstein E, Ranstam J, Rosen I. Prevalence of carpal tunnel syndrome in a general population. JAMA. 1999;282:153–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Atroshi I, Gummesson C, Johnsson R, Mccabe SJ, Ornstein E. Severe carpal tunnel syndrome potentially needing surgical treatment in a general population. J Hand Surg Am. 2003;28:639–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Bitar G, Alexandrides J, Missirian R, Sotereanos D, Nystrom A. Carpal tunnel release in the United States and Sweden: reimbursement patterns, cost for treatment, and return to work. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2002;109:1574–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. National Council on Compression Insurance. Tallying the true cost of on-the-job cumulative trauma disorder. Carpal Tunnel Disease News. 1993;2:1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Gordon T, Amirjani N, Edwards DC, Chan KM. Brief post-surgical electrical stimulation accelerates axon regeneration and muscle reinnervation without affecting the functional measures in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. Exp Neurol. 2010;223:192–202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Gutmann E, Guttmann L, Medawar PB, Young JZ. The rate of regeneration of nerve. J Exp Biol. 1942;19:14–44.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Sunderland S. Rate of regeneration in human peripheral nerves. Arch Neurol Psychiatry. 1947;58:1–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Fu SY, Gordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. J Neurosci. 1995;15:3886–95.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Chen YY, McDonald D, Cheng C, Magnowski B, Durand J, Zochodne DW. Axon and Schwann cell partnership during nerve regrowth. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2005;64:613–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Yan Y, Sun HH, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE, Johnson PJ. Efficacy of short-term FK506 administration on accelerating nerve regeneration. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012;26:570–80.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Sun HH, Saheb Al-Zamani M, Yan Y, Hunter DA, Mackinnon SE, Johnson PJ. Geldanamycin accelerated peripheral nerve regeneration in comparison to FK-506 in vivo. Neuroscience. 2012;223:114–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Cheng H, Cao Y, Olson L. Spinal cord repair in adult paraplegic rats: partial restoration of hind limb function. Science. 1996;273:510–3.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Barhwal K, Hota SK, Prasad D, Singh SB, Ilavazhagan G. Hypoxia-induced deactivation of NGF-mediated ERK1/2 signaling in hippocampal cells: neuroprotection by acetyl-L-carnitine. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86:2705–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Herzmann C, Johnson MA, Youle M. Long-term effect of acetyl-L-carnitine for antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. HIV Clin Trials. 2007;6:344–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. De Grandis D, Minardi C. Acetyl-L-carnitine (levacecarnine) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. A long-term, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Drugs R D. 2002;3:223–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Maestri A, De Pasquale CA, Cundari S, Zanna C, Cortesi E, Crino L. A pilot study on the effect of acetyl-L-carnitine in pacitaxel and cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy. Tumori. 2005;91:135–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Kotil K, Kirali M, Eras M, Bilge T, Uzun H. Neuroprotective effects of acetyl-L-carnitine in experimental chronic compression neuropathy. A prospective, randomized and placebo-control trials. Turk Neurosurg. 2007;17:67–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. De Grandis D. Tolerability and efficacy of L-acetylcarnitine in patients with peripheral neuropathies. A short-Term, open multicentre study. Clin Drug Invest. 1998;15:73–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. McComas AJ, Fawcett PR, Campbell MJ, Sica RE. Electrophysiological estimation of the number of motor units within the human hands. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatr. 1971;34:121–31.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Bromberg M. Updating motor unit number estimation (MUNE). Clinical Neurophysiol. 2007;118:1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gay RE, Amadio PC, Johnson JC. Comparative responsiveness of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand, the Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire, and the SF-36 to clinical change after carpal tunnel release. J Hand Surg. 2003;28A:250–4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Amirjani N, Ashworth NL, Olson JL, Morhart M, Chan KM. Discriminative validity and test-retest reliability of the Dellon-modified Moberg Pickup Test in carpal tunnel syndrome patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst. 2011;16:51–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Bianchi G, Vitali G, Caraceni A, Ravaglia S, Capri G, Cundari S, Zanna C, Gianni L. Symptomatic and neurophysiological responses of paclitaxel- or cisplatin-induced neuropathy to oral acetyl-l-carnitine. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:1746–50.

  24. Zhou X, Liu F, Zhai S. Effect of L-carnitine and/or acetyl-L-carnitine in nutrition treatment of male infertility: a systematic review. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2007;16(S1):383–90.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jiang Q, Jiang G, Shi KQ, Cai H, Wang YX, Zheng MH. Oral acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in hepatic encephalopathy: view of evidence based medicine. Ann Hepatol. 2013;12:803–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Wang SM, Han C, Lee SJ, Patkar AA, Masand PS, Pae CU. A review of current evidence for acetyl-L-carnitine in the treatment of depression. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;53:30–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Badiali de Giorgi L, Bonvicini F, Bianchi D, Bossoni G, Laschi R. Ultrastructural aspects of aging rat hippocampus and effects of L-acetyl-carnitine treatment. Drugs Exp Clin Res. 1987;13:185–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Taglialatela G, Angelucci L, Ramacci MT, Werrbach-Perez K, Jackson GR, Perez-Polo JR. Acetyl-L-carnitine enhances the response of PC12 cells to nerve growth factor. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 1992;59:221–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the University Hospital Foundation for funding the project and Sigma-Tau Italy for providing the study drug for the trial. Sigma-Tau Italy has no financial gain in the study apart from drug provision.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to K. Ming Chan.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

All authors contributed to the overall design of the study. The manuscript was prepared by KMC and MC. DS, JO and MM critically reviewed the manuscript for final submission. All authors have read the final version and approve its submission.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Curran, M.W.T., Olson, J., Morhart, M. et al. Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALCAR) to enhance nerve regeneration in carpal tunnel syndrome: study protocol for a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Trials 17, 200 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1324-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-016-1324-2

Keywords