Table 2 Details on CHANGE intervention trial outcome measures

Timeline follow-back [28]

Diary method to retrospectively assess daily estimates of drinking

Percentage days abstinent (PDA): Proportion of past 14 days on which participant was abstinent; analysis based on distribution

Validated for alcohol use assessment including in Uganda [28, 38, 39]

AUDIT [23]

Ten-item questionnaire to measure alcohol intake, identify potential dependence on alcohol; and experiences of alcohol-related harm. Each item is assessed on a scale of 0 to 4

Mean score and dichotomous as a secondary outcome

Validated with South Sudanese populations [40], and in Rhino settlement

(https://www.elrha.org/project/improving-the-mental-health-of-refugee-men-through-guided-self-help-a-scalable-intervention-for-a-critical-link-in-humanitarian-programming/, Paper forthcoming)

ASSIST [29]

Eight-item screening questionnaire on estimates of alcohol use, tobacco products, and other drugs across the lifetime and in the past 3 months. Measured on a scale of 0 to 7

Mean score

Validated in a multisite international study covering Australia, Brazil, India, Thailand, UK, USA, and Zimbabwe [29]. It has also previously been validated in Rhino settlement (https://www.elrha.org/project/improving-the-mental-health-of-refugee-men-through-guided-self-help-a-scalable-intervention-for-a-critical-link-in-humanitarian-programming/, Paper forthcoming)

K10 [24]

Ten-item scale on non-specific psychological distress, scored on a scale of 1 to 5

Mean score

Validated amongst South Sudanese refugees [41], and in Rhino settlement (https://www.elrha.org/project/improving-the-mental-health-of-refugee-men-through-guided-self-help-a-scalable-intervention-for-a-critical-link-in-humanitarian-programming/)

PHQ-9 [30]

Nine-item questionnaire on prevalence of depressive symptoms assessed on a scale of 0 to 3

Mean score

Validated amongst South Sudanese refugees and in northern Uganda [42]

HSCL-A [31]

Ten-item questionnaire on prevalence of anxiety symptoms, assessed on a scale of 1 to 4

Mean score

Previously validated in multiple low and middle income settings, including Uganda [43]

PCL-6 [44]

Six-item measure on prevalence of PTSD, assessed on a scale of 1 to 5

Mean score

Good psychometric properties amongst female South Sudanese refugees in Rhino settlement [45]

WHODAS 2.0 [33]

Twelve-item measure of health and disability, which covers the domains of cognition, mobility, self-care, getting along, life activities and participation in the last 30 days. It is assessed on a scale of 1 to 4

Mean score

Good psychometric properties amongst female South Sudanese refugees in Rhino settlement [45]

United Nations Multi Country Study on Men and Violence [34]

Eleven items are used to measure the prevalence of perpetration of violence in the last 3 months. The items are assessed on a scale of 1 to 4, or 1 to 7

Prevalence of IPV split by type of intimate partner violence (physical, sexual)

Previously validated in Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Papua New Guinea [34]

EQ-5D-L [35, 46]

Five item questionnaire for measuring health related quality of life across five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, rated on the day. A five-level response option is used

Locally adjusted scoring algorithm

Validated across different contexts including Uganda [47,48,49]

Subjective wellbeing [36, 27]

Five items on subjective wellbeing, measuring overall life satisfaction, whether the things the respondent does are worthwhile, and affect; scored on a scale of 1 to 5

Locally adjusted scoring algorithm

Used across countries in the Gallup world poll which covers more than 150 countries, including Uganda [36]

OxCAP-MH [37]

Sixteen-item index on wellbeing, covering various domains of individual well-being including overall health, enjoying social and recreational activities, friendship, and support, having suitable accommodation etc. Scored on a scale of 1 to 5

Mean score

Has been contextually validated by the current research team in Rhino settlement (publication forthcoming)

User Cost Questionnaire

Fifteen item measure on household expenditure specifically designed for this trial to measure the opportunity cost of participating in the CHANGE intervention

The opportunity cost of participating in the CHANGE intervention

Specifically designed and piloted for this trial. Based on the iMTA productivity loss of cost questionnaire [50]