Table 1 Measurement type and frequency
Outcome | Measurement | Collection | Frequency |
|---|---|---|---|
Epidemiological outcomes | |||
Malaria case incidence | Rapid diagnostic test taken when fever ≥ 37.5 °C and/or history of fever for the past 48 h | Active case detection: Cohort follow-up | Every 2 weeks during the transmission season/ every month during the dry season |
Malaria infection prevalence | Rapid diagnostic test | Cross-sectional survey | Baseline, 6 and 12 months post net distribution |
Entomological outcomes | |||
Indoor and outdoor Anopheles density | Human landing catch (HLC) | Entomology surveillance | 6 houses per cluster every 2 months in all clusters for 12 months |
Mosquito sporozoite rate | qPCR would serve to estimate the EIR [31] | Entomology surveillance | Subsample (30%) of the mosquito collected in HLC |
Anopheles species identification | An. gambiae, An.coluzzii and An. funestus using Taq Man real-time PCR [32] | Entomology surveillance | Subsample of mosquitoes collected |
Phenotypic resistance | WHO cylinder/CDC bottle assays [33] | Collection of larvae and/or adult Anopheles resting indoor | At baseline and at the end of the first year in 3 clusters per arm |
Identification of molecular and metabolic insecticide resistance mechanisms | Screening for metabolic enzyme over-expression by RNA-seq Screening for resistance-associated mutations and copy-number variants by whole genome sequencing | Unfed 3-day-old adult Anopheles from larval collections phenotyped in bioassays | At baseline and at the end of the first year in 3 clusters per arm |
Population-level genotypic resistance | Monitoring changes in key enzyme expression (identified by RNA-seq) using qRT-PCR Monitoring changes in frequencies of key mutations (identified by whole genome sequencing) using amplicon-seq | Unfed 3-day-old adult Anopheles from larval collections phenotyped in bioassays | At baseline and at the end of the first year in 3 clusters per arm |
Serological responses to mosquito salivary peptides | Blood spots on filter paper will be utilised to measure the level of antibodies in residents blood as a proxy for exposure to mosquito bites | Cross-sectional survey | Baseline, 6 and 12 months post net distribution |