Table 3 Moderator variables for subgroup analyses

Sex

Male vs. Female/Other

Patient self-report at T₀

Age

 < 65 vs. ≥ 65 years old

Electronic health records at T₀

Race/ethnicity

White/Non-Hispanic

Black or African American/Non-Hispanic, Hispanic

Other

Patient self-report at T₀

Rural/medically underserved residency

Urban vs. rural or medically underserved

Rural is defined as subject’s resident Census Tract corresponds to US Census 2010 Rural–Urban Commuting Area (RUCA) Codes 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 [85]

Medically underserved is defined as subject’s resident Census Tract corresponds to HRSA-designated primary care or mental health geographic or geographic high needs health professional shortage area [86]

Electronic health records geocoded data at T₀

Multiple nonmalignant musculoskeletal pain conditions

1 pain cluster vs. > 1 pain cluster

Cluster based on ICD-10 diagnoses corresponding with nonmalignant musculoskeletal chronic pain condition developed for the National Pain Strategy chronic pain condition clusters [48]

Electronic health records data at T₀minus 360 days

Mental health disorders

ICD-10 diagnosis for depression and/or anxiety

Electronic health records data at T₀ minus 360 days

Negative social determinants of health (SDH)

Negative SDH/existing need vs. No SDH need

Patient endorses need in one or more of the following domains:

(1) Financial Resource Strain (1 item)

(2) Food Insecurity (2 items)

(3) Transportation/Access Needs (2 items)

(4) Housing Instability (3 items)

Patient self-report at T₀