Table 1 Primary and secondary outcomes in the EFFECTS trial and timing of assessment

 Child dietary diversity (24 h)

Number of food groups out of eight food groups consumed in the previous day (24 h) by children aged 6+ months, based on WHO guidelines

x

x

x

 Child development

Cognitive, language, motor, and socioemotional development, assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (BSID-III)

x

x

x

Secondary outcomes

Primary, secondary, and process outcomes and measures

 Child dietary diversity (7 days)

Number of food groups out of eight food groups consumed in the previous 7 days by children aged 6+ months, based on WHO guidelines

x

x

x

 Child nutritional status

Height-for-age z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-height z-scores (WHZ), based on WHO Multicentre Child Growth Standards

x

x

 Minimum meal frequency

Proportion of children aged 6+ months (breastfeeding and non-breastfeeding) meeting minimum meal frequency guideline based on the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

x

 Household allocation of animal source foods

Change in proportion of children (aged 6+ months), mothers, and fathers consuming eggs or meat the previous day given that at least one of the three consumed eggs or meat the previous day

x

x

x

 Maternal and paternal infant and young child (IYCF) knowledge and practices

Caregiver knowledge and practice questionnaire regarding age-appropriate infant and young child (1) breastfeeding and support and (2) complementary feeding, measured using an adapted version of the the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

x

 Responsive feeding practices

Maternal responsive feeding behavior tool

x

x

 Maternal and paternal early childhood development (ECD) knowledge and practices

Caregiver knowledge of early childhood development (ECD) assessed using a questionnaire of knowledge of child developmental milestones

x

x

x

Caregiver (mother and father) stimulation practices assessed using a caregiver self-report questionnaire of the frequency of engagement in stimulation activities (e.g., naming things, playing) with the child in the past week, adapted from the Family Care Indicators (FCI)

x

x

x

Interactions of the child with each parent using the Observation of Mother-Child Interactions tool

x

x

x

 Maternal and paternal water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) knowledge and practices

Proportion of households that purify drinking water, from the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

x

Proportion of households with observed animal feces in the house or compound, from the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

Change in frequency of caregiver handwashing with a cleansing agent at critical times in the last 24 h, from the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

x

Change in frequency of child handwashing with a cleansing agent at critical times in the last 24 h, from the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

x

Caregiver water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) knowledge, from the WHO-UNICEF tool

x

x

x

 Gender equity between mothers and fathers

Couples’ communication (frequency, quality) and decision-making questionnaire related to income and food purchases and consumption, measured using an adapted version of Promundo’s “Relationship” module

x

x

x

Gender equitable attitudes of fathers and mothers questionnaire regarding gender norms, roles, and equity within a household, measured using an adapted version of Promundo’s “Gender Attitudes” module

x

x

x

Time use patterns using 7-day recall, particularly regarding caregivers’ chores and childcare activities

x

x

 Household savings

Maternal and paternal awareness of and involvement in household savings; location of household savings

x

x

 Co-parenting relationship between mothers and fathers

Caregiver perceived relationship to each other as partners and parents, measured using the Co-parenting Relationship Scale (CRS)

x

x

 Parenting stress

Maternal and paternal experience of stressors related to parenting, measured by the parental distress subscale of the PSI-SF

x

x

x

 Paternal and maternal depressive symptoms

Parental symptoms of anxiety and depression measured using the Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), excluding the item on suicidal ideation

x

x

 Intimate partner violence

Maternal experience of physical, emotional, and/or sexual violence from her partner/husband in the last 3 months

x

x

x

Process outcomes

x

x