Fig. 6

Main simulation results (continuous outcome, single covariate, no interaction) for sample size 100 for ANCOVA, G-computation and IPTW with and without the use of splines. The performance of analytic methods in terms of bias, coverage and power for the Linear, Flattening and Quadratic relationships are displayed. The effect of treatment is 40. Model-based standard errors are indicated in black and empirical standard errors are indicated in red. Estimates are shown with \(\pm 1.96 \times\) Monte Carlo standard error bars. Note that the error bars are too small to be seen for power, due to the scale of the plots