Table 1 Normalisation process theory (adapted from May et al. 2015 [28])
NPT constructs | Components | Explanation |
|---|---|---|
Coherence | The sense-making work people individually and collectively do to implement changes to existing working practices. This includes: | |
Differentiation | Differentiating new practices from existing ones; | |
Communal specification | Building a shared understanding of the aims, objectives, and benefits of new ways of working; | |
Individual specification | Individuals understanding what they need to do | |
Internalisation | Understanding the value, benefits, and importance of new ways of working | |
Cognitive participation | The relational work people need to build and sustain new practices. This involves: | |
Initiation | Whether or not key people are driving the change forward; | |
Enrolment | The work to organise/ reorganise oneself and others to collectively contribute to new ways of working | |
Legitimation | Helping people believe it is right to be involved and they can actively contribute | |
Activation | Once underway, collectively define actions to sustain practice and involvement | |
Collective action | The operational work needed to implement changes in practice. This includes: | |
Interactional workability | How people interact with others/objects and key elements of new practices to put them into everyday practice | |
Relational integration | How they develop the knowledge and confidence to use new practices; | |
Skill set workability | The skill sets needed to do the work; | |
Contextual integration | Resourcing new practices and implementing polices to enable their use | |
Reflexive monitoring | The appraisal work to assess and understand how new practices affect them. This includes: | |
Systematisation | Collecting information to determine how effective and useful new practices are for themselves and others | |
Communal appraisal | Working together to appraise the usefulness or effectiveness of changes in working practices and how these affecting existing work | |
Individual appraisal | Individually appraising effects of new practices on them and work context | |
Reconfiguration | How these appraisals may be leading to modifications in new practices |