Table 3 Physical activity and dietary intake of study participants at baseline and after intervention

Energy (Kcal/day)

Before

2166.82 ± 576.94

2258.53 ± 529.81

0.423

After

1590.83 ± 261.87

1702.95 ± 322.94

0.294

p-value*

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

Physical activity (MET hour/day)

Before

33.55 ± 3.65

33.22 ± 3.54

0.734

After

33.58 ± 3.57

33.42 ± 2.90

0.858

p-value*

0.883

0.562

Protein (g/day)

Before

78.30 ± 17.31

80.69 ± 25.09

0.687

After

70.48 ± 13.02

69.63 ± 11.43

0.803

p-value*

0.035

0.028

Carbohydrates (g/day)

Before

290.75 ± 115.57

307.33 ± 95.64

0.311

After

207.01 ± 44.40

226.85 ± 50.41

0.160

p-value*

0.001

 < 0.001

Fat (g/day)

Before

81.68 ± 15.97

88.80 ± 16.20

0.070

After

57.47 ± 7.37

61.55 ± 12.59

0.393

p-value*

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

SFAs (g/day)

Before

24.36 ± 8.06

26.10 ± 7.28

0.286

After

15.25 ± 3.39

15.38 ± 4.45

0.709

p-value*

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

MUFAs (g/day)

Before

24.83 ± 4.57

26.19 ± 4.46

0.122

After

19.65 ± 2.33

18.85 ± 3.49

0.041

p-value*

 < 0.001

 < 0.001

PUFAs (g/day)

Before

27.07 ± 5.29

28.99 ± 6.55

0.247

After

19.81 ± 2.57

23.84 ± 5.87

 < 0.001

p-value*

 < 0.001

0.001

Fiber (g/day)

Before

7.74 ± 3.23

8.10 ± 2.93

0.569

After

6.63 ± 1.98

6.87 ± 1.45

0.615

p-value*

0.077

0.066

Beta-carotene (μg/d)

Before

987.77 ± 2199.16

1012.47 ± 1208.32

0.233

After

634.86 ± 857.30

934.50 ± 987.35

0.075

p-value*

0.701

0.657

Vitamin E (mg/day)

Before

2.63 ± 1.60

3.64 ± 2.25

0.089

After

11.34 ± 1.14

2.65 ± 1.06

 < 0.001

p-value*

 < 0.001

0.038

Vitamin C (mg/day)

Before

85.96 ± 45.06

112.10 ± 113.81

0.817

After

68.68 ± 35.34

105.34 ± 74.29

0.311

p-value*

0.097

0.909

Selenium (mg/day)

Before

0.003 ± 0.008

0.003 ± 0.007

0.765

After

0.002 ± 0.004

0.001 ± 0.003

0.484

p-value*

0.173

0.645

Zinc (mg/day)

Before

10.25 ± 3.05

10.48 ± 3.49

0.986

After

8.69 ± 1.85

8.44 ± 1.86

0.466

p-value*

0.019

0.034