Table 3 The estimated cost of high, uncertain and low risk of bias trials
From: Tolerating bad health research: the continuing scandal
Risk of bias | Number of trials | Participants | E1 costs (£) | E2 costs (£) | E3 costs (£) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | 1013 | 222,850 | 725,599,600 | 8,004,326,300 | 2,090,778,700 |
Uncertain | 494 | 127,290 | 414,456,240 | 4,572,002,220 | 1,194,234,780 |
Low | 133 | 47,138 | 153,481,328 | 1,693,102,684 | 442,248,716 |