Fig. 1

Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT) checklist. Baseline variables include baseline renal function, main diagnosis and complications, severity of illness at enrolment, demographic characters, and admission location. Intravenous fluid includes saline, acetate Ringer’s solution, and other fluids. Receipt of invasive support includes mechanical ventilation, receipt of RRT, and vasopressors. Clinical outcomes include vital status, vasopressor days, mechanical ventilation days, RRT days, ICU stay days, hospital length of stay and serum creatinine at hospital discharge