The effects of Anethum graveolens (dill) powder supplementation on clinical and metabolic status in patients with type 2 diabetes

Table 3 Serum levels of glycemic parameters and lipid profile at baseline and postintervention

Variables	Dill powder (n = 21)	Placebo (n = 21)	P value^a	P value^b	P value^c	P value^d
FBS (mg/dl)
Baseline	145.76 ± 50.81	148.61 ± 56.56	0.864	0.883
End	141.14 ± 40.37	154.23 ± 36.72	0.278	0.623
P value^e	0.668	0.671
Difference	−4.61 ± 48.56	5.61 ± 59.76			0.17	0.752
Insulin (μU/ml)
Baseline	13.27 ± 3.8	11.61 ± 4.91	0.230	0.474
End	10.54 ± 4.51	12.12 ± 4.23	0.250	0.796
P value^e	0.004*	0.604
Difference	−2.7 ± 3.83	0.50 ± 4.36			0.015*	0.05
HOMA-IR
Baseline	4.88 ± 2.37	4.37 ± 3.01	0.544	0.762
End	3.86 ± 2.32	4.60 ± 2.02	0.276	0.848
P value^e	0.039*	0.698
Difference	−1.02 ± 2.12	0.23 ± 2.68			0.101	0.447
TG (mg/dl)
Baseline	196.52 ± 60.16	194.66 ± 75.58	0.930	0.626
End	172.38 ± 69.86	190.19 ± 79.93	0.447	0.664
P value^e	0.055	0.811
Difference	−24.14 ± 54.29	−4.47 ± 84.69			0.376	0.343
TC (mg/dl)
Baseline	160.28 ± 38.26	154.42 ± 32.42	0.596	0.492
End	149.23 ± 26.7	156.8 ± 32.25	0.412	0.881
P value^e	0.03*	0.654
Difference	−11.04 ± 21.7	2.38 ± 23.95			0.064	0.033*
LDL-C (mg/dl)
Baseline	81.00 ± 34.79	71.71 ± 23.55	0.318	0.516
End	71.23 ± 26.63	74.80 ± 22.80	0.643	0.357
P value^e	0.029*	0.325
Difference	−9.76 ± 19.08	3.09 ± 14.07			0.017*	0.04*
HDL-C (mg/dl)
Baseline	41.85 ± 11.68	43.14 ± 8.05	0.680	0.939
End	44.80 ± 9.89	41.76 ± 6.33	0.243	0.343
P value^e	0.007*	0.185
Difference	2.59 ± 4.51	−1.38 ± 4.60			0.004*	0.04*

Values are expressed as means ± standard deviation
HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HOMA-IR homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TC total cholesterol, TG triglyceride
*P < 0.05 considered as significant, and significant values are shown in bold type
^aBetween-group comparison of variables at baseline and after intervention from independent t test (for all variables)
^bBetween-group comparison of variables at baseline and after intervention from analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) in the adjusted models (adjusted for age, duration of disease, dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, antioxidant vitamins such as vitamins A, C, and E, physical activity and body mass index)
^cBetween-group comparisons mean changes of variables from Mann–Whitney U test (for fasting blood sugar (FBS)) and independent t test (for other variables)
^dBetween group comparisons mean changes of variables from ANCOVA (adjusted for age, duration of disease, changes of body mass index, dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, vitamins A, C, and E and physical activity)
^eWithin-group comparison of variables, resulted from paired t test (for all variables)