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Table 1 List of all inclusion and exclusion criteria

From: Evaluation of bladder stimulation as a non-invasive technique for urine collection to diagnose urinary tract infection in infants under 6 months: a randomized multicenter study (“EE-Sti.Ve.N”)

Inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria

Infants 6 months of age

Suspected febrile urinary tract infection:

fever with temperature > 39 °C without symptoms

or fever with temperature > 38 °C and uropathy or urinary tract infection

or fever with temperature > 38 °C and < 3 months of age

or fever with temperature > 38 °C and duration > 48 h

or fever with temperature > 38 °C with signs of sepsis

Signed parental consent

✗ Presence of vital distress signs

✗ Presence of a contraindication to bladder catheterization (external genitalia or bladder malformation)