Table 4 Laboratory analysis
Sample | Biomarkers |
|---|---|
Plasma and serum | Muscle anabolic marker insulin-like growth factor 1 Muscle catabolic marker Myostatin Inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, tumour necrosis factor α, granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, transforming growth factor β1 Angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1α |
Tempus RNA tube | MicroRNAs linked with muscle atrophy such as miR-29b, miR-542-5p and miR-424-5p [108] |
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells | DNA damage/repair enzymes GAD45a and APE-1 |
Urine | Oxidative stress-derived DNA damage marker 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine |