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Table 5 Determining the relationship between adverse events and the study drug

From: Comparing efficacy and safety between Naldebain® and intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with fentanyl for pain management post-laparotomy: study protocol for a randomized controlled, non-inferior trial

Relationship

Description

Certain

An adverse event, including laboratory test abnormality, occurring in a plausible time relationship to drug administration, which cannot be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals

Probable/likely

An adverse event, including laboratory test abnormality, with a reasonable time sequence to administration of the drug that is unlikely to be attributed to a plausible response on withdrawal

Possible

An adverse event, including laboratory test abnormality, with a reasonable time sequence to administration of the drug, which could also be explained by concurrent disease or other drugs or chemicals. Information on drug withdrawal may be lacking or unclear

Unlikely

An adverse event, including laboratory test abnormality, with a temporal relationship to drug administration which makes a causal relationship improbable, in which other drugs, chemicals, or underlying disease provide plausible explanations

Not related

An adverse event which is judged to be clearly due to extraneous causes (e.g., disease and environment)