Table 3 Pre- and post-test scale scores and their comparisons, for knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy: all participants and among racial subgroups

 Knowledge*

934

58.03 (20.47)

68.47 (19.16)

10.44 (9.18, 11.70)

< 0.0001

 Attitude*

932

3.16 (0.42)

3.41 (0.54)

0.25 (0.23, 0.28)

< 0.0001

 Self-Efficacy*

931

2.05 (0.62)

1.77 (0.69)

−0.28 (− 0.25, − 0.31)

< 0.0001

 Knowledge*

647

61.12 (18.58)

71.21 (17.46)

10.09 (8.69, 11.50)

< 0.0001

 Attitude*

647

3.20 (0.42)

3.46 (0.52)

0.26 (0.23, 0.30)

< 0.0001

 Self-Efficacy*

647

2.02 (0.58)

1.72 (0.67)

−0.30 (− 0.26, − 0.34)

< 0.0001

 Knowledge*

189

49.65 (23.21)

62.07 (20.52)

12.41 (9.08, 15.75)

< 0.0001

 Attitude*

187

3.06 (0.37)

3.23 (0.57)

0.16 (0.09, 0.24)

< 0.0001

 Self-Efficacy*

186

2.11 (0.67)

1.92 (0.70)

−0.20 (− 0.12, − 0.28)

< 0.0001