Table 1 Baseline and follow-up outcome measures
Outcome measure | Instrument | To be completed at convenient time | Visit 1 | Visits 2–4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Screening | Clinical | ||||
Clinical/screening measures | |||||
Cognitive function | Addenbrooke’s Cognitive Examination (ACE-R) | ✓ | |||
Disease severity | Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr scale | ✓ | |||
Visual function | |||||
Visual acuity | Binocular visual acuity: Bailey-Lovie | ✓ | |||
Contrast sensitivity | Pelli-Robson contrast sensitivity chart | ✓ | |||
Melbourne Edge Test | ✓ | ||||
Touch sensitivity | Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test | ✓ | |||
Clinical balance and gait | Tinetti Gait and Balance Instrument | ✓ | |||
Mobility | Timed Up and Go (TUG) test | ✓ | |||
Gait characteristics | |||||
Spatiotemporal parameters | Nexus 2.6; Vicon, Oxford, UK | ||||
Gait speed (m/s) | ✓ | ||||
Cadence (step/min) | ✓ | ||||
Spatial parameters (cm) | Nexus 2.6; Vicon, Oxford, UK | ||||
Stride length | ✓ | ||||
Step length | ✓ | ||||
Step width | ✓ | ||||
Maximum toe clearance | ✓ | ||||
Temporal parameters (s and % GC) | Nexus 2.6; Vicon, Oxford, UK | ||||
Stride/stance/swing/single support/double support/GC time | ✓ | ||||
Segmental linear motion (cm) | Nexus 2.6; Vicon, Oxford, UK | ||||
Centre of mass (COM) VT/ML | ✓ | ||||
Head displacement, VT/ML | ✓ | ||||
Pelvis displacement, VT/ML | ✓ | ||||
Arm swing excursion | ✓ | ||||
Joint kinematics (deg) | Nexus 2.6; Vicon, Oxford, UK | ||||
Trunk flexion angle | ✓ | ||||
Hip flexion/extension range | ✓ | ||||
Knee flexion/extension range | ✓ | ||||
Ankle dorsiflexion/plantar flexion range | ✓ | ||||
Joint angles (hip, knee, ankle) of stance and swing leg at maximum toe clearance | ✓ | ||||
Muscles activity (per muscle) | ZeroWire, Aurion Srl, Milan, Italy | ||||
EMG onset and offset time | ✓ | ||||
Duration of muscle activity | ✓ | ||||
Total burst activation (integral of rectified EMG) | ✓ | ||||
Time of peak muscle activation | ✓ | ||||
Questionnaires | |||||
Balance confidence | Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale | ✓ | |||
Freezing of gait (FOG) and falls | PD gait and falls questionnaire (FOG section) | ✓ | |||
Physical activity | International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) | ✓ | |||
Quality of life | The 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) | ✓ | |||