Table 3 Results for pre- and post-intervention DASS-21 and IES-R by group

 Depression

13.0(13.5) 7.9–18.0

15.9(13.5) 10.8–20.9

10.8(11.3) 6.6–15.0

 Anxiety

11.6(12.6) 6.9–16.3

14.0(13.0) 9.1–18.9

9.7(10.4) 5.8–13.6

 Stress

17.5(14.4) 12.2–22.9

18.9(13.6) 13.9–24.0

14.2(12.0) 9.7–18.7

 Total

42.1(39.0) 27.6–56.7

48.8(37.7) 34.7–62.9

34.7(30.3) 23.3–46.0

 Depression

9.7(11.6) 5.3–14.0

15.8(14.1) 10.5–21.1

9.0(10.8) 5.0–13.0

 Anxiety

8.7(9.8) 5.1–12.4

14.1(14.5) 8.7–19.5

7.5(8.5) 4.3–10.6

 Stress

14.0(12.9) 9.2–18.8

16.7(13.2) 11.8–21.7

11.8(10.9) 7.7–15.9

 Total

32.4(31.9) 20.5–44.3

46.7(39.9) 31.8–61.6

34.7(30.3) 23.3–46.0

 Intrusion

14.8(8.9) 11.5–18.2

18.4(9.3) 15.0–21.9*

12.1(9.4) 8.6–15.6*

 Avoidance

11.8(8.8) 8.5–15.1

15.4(9.1) 11.9–18.7

9.9(7.6) 7.1–12.8

 Hyperarousal

11.3(6.6) 8.9–13.8

13.3(7.5) 10.5–16.1

9.2(6.8) 6.6–11.7

 Total

37.9(22.9) 29.4–46.5

47.1(23.9) 38.1–56.0*

31.2(22.1) 23.0–39.5*

 Intrusion

12.7(9.1) 9.3–16.1

16.0(10.8) 11.9–20.0*

9.8(7.5) 7.0–12.6*

 Avoidance

10.7(8.4) 7.5–13.8

13.7(9.7) 10.0–17.3*

8.0(7.4) 5.3–10.8*

 Hyperarousal

9.4(7.8) 6.4–12.3

11.9(8.1) 8.9–15.0

7.3(6.0) 5.3–9.5

 Total

32.7(24.0) 23.8–41.7

41.6(27.5) 31.3–51.8*

25.1(19.4) 17.8–32.4*