Table 2 Panel of biomarkers

Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1)

Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function

DBS

Immunoassay

Vascular cellular adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1)

Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function

DBS

Immunoassay

Endothelin-1

Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function

DBS

Immunoassay

E-selectin

Endothelial marker of cardiovascular function

DBS

Immunoassay

C-reactive protein (CRP)

Inflammation marker

DBS

Immunoassay

Interleukin-6 (IL-6)

Inflammation marker

DBS

Immunoassay

von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF)^a

Blood coagulation protein

DBS

Immunoassay

Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C)

Marker of glycemic control

DBS

Spectrophotometry

Hemoglobin (Hb)

Clinical biomarker

DBS

Spectrophotometry

Lipids^a

Clinical biomarkers

DBS

Immunoassay

P53 tumor-associated antigen antibodies (p53 TAA antibodies)^a

Lung and other cancer biomarker

DBS

Array assay

F2-isoprostanes

Inflammation markers

DBS

Immunoassay

Clara cell protein (CC16)

Lung insult marker

DBS

Immunoassay

8OH-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG)

Oxidative stress marker

Urine

LC-MS/MS

Myeloperoxidase (MPO)^a

Oxidative stress marker

DBS

Immunoassay

Cytochrome P450 (Cyp450)^a

Enzyme induction

DBS

Immunoassay

4-OH cotinine

Short term tobacco smoke biomarker

Urine

LC-MS/MS

4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL)^a

Tobacco smoke biomarker

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1-OH pyrene and 1-, and 2-naphthols)

Carcinogen exposure biomarker

Urine

GC-MS/MS

Volatile organic chemicals (mercapturate metabolites)^a

Carcinogen exposure biomarker

Urine

LC-MS/MS