Table 2 Outcome assessments

PHQ-9

Nine-item questionnaire assessment of depressive symptoms assessed on a scale of 0 to 3

Prevalence of moderate–severe depression; mean total score

Validated in primary care [37]

WHO-DAS

12-item questionnaire for measuring functional impairment over the last 30 days. In addition, two items assess the number of days the person was unable to work in these 30 days

Total disability score; quality-adjusted life years; number of days out of work

Validated for international use [18]

SDQ-TD

The SDQ is a parent report of 25 child attributes divided into five subscales: emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems and prosocial behavior

Total Difficulties score: calculated based on four subscales (except prosocial behavior)

The SDQ has previously been translated into Urdu as well as at least 50 other languages and used in low- and middle-income countries [21–23]

ASQ

The ASQ is a widely used, simple set of 30 questions appropriate for 4–60 month-olds that assesses five domains of development

The total score from the five domains, plus the score from an additional domain on the child’s socioemotional development

The parent-report-based ASQ assessments have been shown to have good concurrent validity with professionally administered BSITD [24, 38], including internationally [39, 40]

BSITD-III

An individually administered assessment of the child’s achievement of developmental milestones across five areas: cognitive, language, motor, social-emotional and adaptive skills [27]

The total score from each domain

The standard scores are derived from the US norms; and, because there are no available Pakistani norms, the scores provide a metric with which to compare groups of children in this Pakistan setting relative to the study hypotheses