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Table 3 Definitions of causality

From: Evaluation of a novel information resource for patients with bronchiectasis: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Relationship

Description

Unrelated

There is no evidence of any causal relationship

Unlikely

There is little evidence to suggest there is a causal relationship (e.g. the event did not occur within a reasonable time after administration of the study procedure). There is another reasonable explanation for the event (e.g. the participant’s clinical condition or other concomitant treatment)

Possible

There is some evidence to suggest a causal relationship (e.g. because the event occurs within a reasonable time after administration of the study procedure). However, the influence of other factors may have contributed to the event (e.g. the participant’s clinical condition or other concomitant treatments)

Probable

There is evidence to suggest a causal relationship and the influence of other factors is unlikely

Definitely

There is clear evidence to suggest a causal relationship and other possible contributing factors can be ruled out

Not assessable

There is insufficient or incomplete evidence to make a clinical judgement of the causal relationship