Table 3 One-year changes in psychological, behavioural and metabolic outcome variables
Group scores | Baseline M (SD) | 12-month follow-up M (SD) | Effects | F | Overall pa | p baseline to 12 monthsb | η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Psychological outcomes | Depressive symptoms (CES-D) | |||||||
A (n = 64) | 19.7 (9.1) | 16.7 (7.9) | Time | 12.51 | <0.001 | 0.003 | 0.07 | |
B (n = 58) | 19.8 (8.2) | 18.1 (9.8) | Time x group | 0.609 | 0.656 | 0.007 | ||
C (n = 57) | 19.0 (8.6) | 17.4 (9.0) | ||||||
Diabetes-related problems | ||||||||
(PAID) | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 37.6 (20.2) | 32.5 (22.1) | Time | 16.87 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09 | |
B (n = 57) | 41.8 (20.9) | 36.4 (22.1) | Time x group | 0.389 | 0.796 | 0.004 | ||
C (n = 57) | 38.0 (18.6) | 33.2 (20.3) | ||||||
Quality of life (SF-12v2) | ||||||||
Mental component score (MCS) | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 41.4 (6.7) | 45.1 (6.7) | Time | 18.13 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09 | |
B (n = 58) | 41.9 (8.0) | 44.7 (8.1) | Time x group | 1.25 | 0.288 | 0.014 | ||
C (n = 56) | 41.6 (7.3) | 43.7 (8.5) | ||||||
Behavioural outcomes | Diabetes self-care (SDSCA) | |||||||
Healthy eating | ||||||||
A (n = 62) | 4.2 (1.4) | 4.2 (1.3) | Time | 4.78 | 0.009 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |
B (n = 56) | 3.7 (1.4) | 4.1 (1.5) | Time x group | 1.66 | 0.158 | 0.019 | ||
C (n = 56) | 3.4 (1.6) | 4.0 (1.3) | ||||||
Diabetic diet | ||||||||
A (n = 60) | 3.9 (1.7) | 3.9 (1.7) | Time | 4.58 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
B (n = 57) | 3.5 (1.9) | 4.3 (1.7) | Time x group | 1.65 | 0.165 | 0.019 | ||
C (n = 56) | 3.4 (2.1) | 3.7 (1.9) | ||||||
Physical exercise | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 2.8 (1.7) | 3.2 (1.9) | Time | 5.14 | 0.006 | 0.008 | 0.03 | |
B (n = 57) | 2.5 (2.0) | 3.1 (1.5) | Time x group | 0.375 | 0.826 | 0.004 | ||
C (n = 57) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.6 (1.7) | ||||||
Blood glucose self-monitoring | ||||||||
A (n = 63) | 3.7 (2.5) | 4.9 (2.1) | Time | 16.29 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.09 | |
B (n = 56) | 3.7 (2.9) | 4.3 (2.2) | Time x group | 0.589 | 0.664 | 0.007 | ||
C (n = 57) | 3.6 (2.7) | 4.5 (2.3) | ||||||
Foot self-care | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 2.5 (2.2) | 3.2 (2.2) | Time | 15.92 | <.001 | <0.001 | 0.08 | |
B (n = 57) | 2.3 (2.2) | 3.1 (2.2) | Time x group | 0.373 | 0.809 | 0.004 | ||
C (n = 57) | 2.8 (2.4) | 3.3 (2.3) | ||||||
Metabolic outcomes | HbA1C (%)/(mmol/mol) | |||||||
A (n = 64) | 7.4/58 (1.3/14) | 7.2/56 (0.9/10) | Time | 2.70 | 0.079 | 0.683 | 0.015 | |
B (n = 58) | 7.2/55 (1.0/11) | 7.2/56 (1.0/11) | Time x group | 0.922 | 0.438 | 0.010 | ||
C (n = 57) | 7.1/55 (1.0/11) | 7.0/54 (1.0/11) | ||||||
Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 5.3 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.0) | Time | 11.64 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.06 | |
B (n = 58) | 5.2 (1.4) | 5.0 (1.3) | Time x group | 0.684 | 0.604 | 0.008 | ||
C (n = 57) | 5.3 (1.1) | 4.9 (1.0) | ||||||
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 3.1 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.8) | Time | 6.50 | 0.002 | 0.003 | 0.04 | |
B (n = 58) | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.1) | Time x group | 1.55 | 0.188 | 0.017 | ||
C (n = 57) | 3.0 (1.0) | 2.7 (0.8) | ||||||
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.3) | Time | 9.56 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.05 | |
B (n = 58) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.3) | Time x group | 0.196 | 0.929 | 0.002 | ||
C (n = 57) | 1.4 (0.3) | 1.4 (0.3) | ||||||
Triglycerides (mmol/l) | ||||||||
A (n = 64) | 2.1 (1.6) | 1.8 (0.8) | Time | 6.58 | 0.003 | 0.010 | 0.04 | |
B (n = 58) | 2.1 (1.2) | 1.9 (1.0) | Time x group | 0.194 | 0.911 | 0.002 | ||
C (n = 57) | 2.1 (1.7) | 1.8 (0.8) |