Table 1 Complications of manual rotation versus expectant management (Shaffer 2011) [13]

Postpartum haemorrhage

22.3%

33.1%

<0.001

3^rd and 4^th degree tears

15.7%

20.1%

0.017

Cervical laceration

2.2%

1.0%

0.024

Chorioamnionitis

8.6%

14.4%

<0.001

Endometritis

3.6%

7.2%

<0.001

5-min Apgars <7

1.8%

3.7%

0.011

Umbilical cord arterial pH

<7

0.6%

1.4%

0.15

Base excess < −12

3.5%

3.2%

0.73

Shoulder dystocia

2.1%

1.1%

0.064

Birth trauma

1.09%

1.23%

0.77