Table 1 Comparison of characteristics of EMaBS trial annual visit children and community survey children

Sociodemographic variables ²

Maternal tribe

Baganda

99 (50%)

110 (65%)

1

0.05

Banyankole/Batoro/Banyarwanda

37 (19%)

17 (10%)

0.41 (0.20, 0.87)

Basoga

11 (6%)

6 (4%)

0.49 (0.16, 1.50)

Other

52 (27%)

37 (22%)

0.64 (0.34, 1.21)

Maternal education (mv: 0, 13)

None

8 (4%)

22 (14%)

4.43 (1.85, 10.57)

<0.001

Primary

103 (52%)

64 (40%)

1

(0.08)

Secondary

67 (34%)

68 (43%)

1.63 (0.97, 2.76)

Tertiary

21 (11%)

6 (4%)

0.46 (0.17, 1.21)

Paternal education (mv: 37, 38)

None/primary

31 (19%)

46 (34%)

1

<0.001

Secondary

79 (49%)

75 (56%)

0.64 (0.36, 1.14)

(<0.001)

Tertiary

52 (32%)

14 (10%)

0.18 (0.09, 0.37)

Maternal age (mv: 0, 12)

24.2 (4.7)

23.1 (5.6)

0.96 (0.92, 1.00)

0.04

Paternal age (mv: 121, 54)

34.8 (7.1)

33.8 (7.4)

0.98 (0.95, 1.02)

0.33

Maternal employment (mv: 73, 8)

Unemployed

56 (44%)

123 (75%)

1

<0.001

Employed

70 (56%)

42 (25%)

0.27 (0.16, 0.46)

Annual maternal income (Ugandan Shillings) (mv: 77, 1)

Zero

67 (55%)

126 (73%)

1

0.002

0-50000

26 (21%)

15 (9%)

0.31 (0.15, 0.64)

(0.08)

50001-100000

23 (19%)

18 (10%)

0.42 (0.21, 0.83)

100001-

6 (5%)

13 (8%)

1.15 (0.40, 3.29)

Household circumstances

Crowding (mv: 74, 1)

<=3 people/room

77 (62%)

126 (73%)

1

>3 people/room

48 (38%)

46 (27%)

0.59 (0.37, 0.93)

0.02

Roofing (mv: 74, 1)

Iron/tiles

118 (94%)

169 (98%)

1

Banana leaves/grass

7 (6%)

3 (2%)

0.30 (0.06, 1.56)

0.13

Walls (mv: 74, 1)

Bricks

108 (86%)

164 (95%)

1

Mud/metal

17 (14%)

8 (5%)

0.31 (0.10, 0.92)

0.03

Fuel source (mv: 73, 1)

Firewood

25 (20%)

27 (16%)

1

0.04

Charcoal

89 (71%)

141 (82%)

1.47 (0.67, 3.22)

Paraffin/gas/elec

12 (10%)

4 (2%)

0.31 (0.08, 1.16)

Electricity supply (mv: 71, 1)

Yes

60 (48%)

67 (39%)

1

No

66 (52%)

105 (61%)

1.42 (0.81, 2.50)

0.21

Water source (mv: 71, 1)

Lake/well/borehole

15 (12%)

14 (8%)

1

Standpipe/domestic tap

111 (88%)

158 (92%)

1.53 (0.52, 4.51)

0.44

Disease risk factors

Barefoot exposure (mv: 71, 6)

Never/rarely

47 (37%)

7 (4%)

1

<0.001

Often

79 (63%)

160 (96%)

13.60 (5.55, 33.30)

Lake exposure (mv: 71, 1)

Never

108 (86%)

145 (84%)

1

Ever

18 (14%)

27 (16%)

1.12 (0.59, 2.13)

0.74

Child sleeps under net (mv: 55, 1)

Always

113 (78%)

88 (51%)

1

<0.001

Sometimes

13 (9%)

28 (16%)

2.77 (1.32, 5.79)

(<0.001)

Never

18 (13%)

56 (33%)

3.99 (2.11, 7.56)

Household nets treated?

None

56 (44%)

109 (94%)

1

<0.001

Some/all

71 (56%)

7 (6%)

0.05 (0.02, 0.12)

Reported disease episodes

Malaria (mv: 14, 1)

No

88 (48%)

74 (43%)

1

Yes

97 (52%)

98 (57%)

1.20 (0.78, 1.86)

0.41

Malaria (slide proven; mv: 44, 2)

No

103 (66%)

111 (65%)

1

Yes

52 (34%)

60 (35%)

1.07 (0.69, 1.65)

0.76

Diarrhoea (mv: 14, 2)

No

120 (65%)

130 (76%)

1

Yes

65 (35%)

41 (24%)

0.58 (0.35, 0.97)

0.04

Pneumonia (mv: 7, 4)

No

188 (98%)

164 (97%)

1

Yes

4 (2%)

5 (3%)

1.43 (0.38, 5.35)

0.59

Measles (mv: 7, 2)

No

181 (94%)

147 (86%)

1

Yes

11 (6%)

24 (14%)

2.69 (1.22, 5.92)

0.01

Anthropometric measurements

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Weight-for-age z-score

-0.46 (0.97)

-0.61 (1.04)

0.86 (0.68, 1.09)

0.21

Height-for-age z-score

-0.90 (0.96)

-0.91 (1.27)

0.99 (0.80, 1.24)

0.96