Table 1 Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Age 18-80 years

Chronic kidney disease stage 3 (estimated GFR 30-59 ml/min/1.73 m²)

Office BP controlled to <140/90 mmHg for ≥12 months before entry

Total cholesterol <5.5 mmol/L

Exclusion Criteria

Existing or previous treatment within the past year with a phosphate binder or vitamin D analogue

Hyperphosphataemia (serum phosphate >1.8 mmol/L)

Hypophosphataemia (serum phosphate <0.8 mmol/L)

Uncontrolled secondary hyperparathyroidism (PTH >80 pg/ml)

Diabetes mellitus

Pregnancy

Women of child-bearing age not on contraception

Bowel obstruction

Dysphagia or other swallowing disorder

Severe gastrointestinal motility disorders including severe constipation

Previous major gastrointestinal tract surgery