Dressing wear time after breast reconstruction: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

Background One of the major risk variables for surgical site infection is wound management. Understanding infection risk factors for breast operations is essential in order to develop infection-prevention strategies and improve surgical outcomes. The aim of this trial is to assess the influence of dressing wear time on surgical site infection rates and skin colonization. Patients’ perception at self-assessment will also be analyzed. Methods/Design This is a two-arm randomized controlled trial. Two hundred breast cancer patients undergoing immediate or delayed breast reconstruction will be prospectively enrolled. Patients will be randomly allocated to group I (dressing removed on postoperative day one) or group II (dressing removed on postoperative day six). Surgical site infections will be defined by standard criteria from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Skin colonization will be assessed by culture of samples collected at predefined time points. Patients will score dressing wear time with regard to safety, comfort and convenience. Discussion The evidence to support dressing standards for breast surgery wounds is empiric and scarce. CDC recommends protecting, with a sterile dressing for 24 to 48 hours postoperatively, a primarily closed incision, but there is no recommendation to cover this kind of incision beyond 48 hours, or on the appropriate time to shower or bathe with an uncovered incision. The results of the ongoing trial may support standard recommendations regarding dressing wear time after breast reconstruction. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: http://NCT01148823.


growth, Patient satisfaction
Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is a relevant problem in surgical practice, with surrounding issues that still need to be clarified [1][2][3][4]. Interventions to reduce the incidence of SSI are essential to reduce not only morbidity, but also costs to the individual and to society [2,[5][6][7].
Identifying SSI risk factors for breast surgery is essential in order to develop infection-prevention strategies and improve surgical outcomes [7]. Risk factors for SSI are usually classified into preoperative (patient-related, for example, age, obesity, tobacco use, comorbidities, use of immunosuppressive medications), perioperative (procedure-related factors, such as type and duration of the operation, hypoxia, operating room traffic and operating room parameters) and postoperative categories [2,19]. One of the major risk factors in the postoperative period is wound management [2,[19][20][21]. Despite the importance of surgical wound management in preventing infection, literature on incisional wound management is sparse [21,22].
Postoperative wound care is an ancient practice, with recorded evidence dating back 4,000 years [23]. Purposes for wound dressing include protection of the wound from trauma and contamination, absorption of wound exudates and compression to minimize edema and obliterate dead space [23][24][25][26][27].
The search for an ideal postsurgical breast dressing has led to the development of several different materials and application techniques [28,29]. Despite the abundance of wound dressing products available nowadays, there is little empiric evidence to guide product choice for site-specific incisional wounds [26,30], and traditional low-technology gauze-based dressings are commonly used [25,27,29,31,32]. Due to lower costs, this kind of dressing is largely used in the public health system in Brazil.
From the literature, the ideal dressing wear time is also controversial. Some authors recommend the early exposure of the surgical wound, to allow easy wound inspection without inconvenience to the patient, to release the patient for his/her routine personal care and to decrease costs [21,22,24]. Other authors recommend the use of dressings for a longer time, frequently until sutures are removed, without increase in SSI rates [6,31,33,34].
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide recommendations concerning prevention of SSIs. No recommendation is offered for some practices, either because there is a lack of consensus regarding their efficacy or because the available scientific evidence is insufficient to support their adoption [19].
Available evidence to support dressing standards for incisional wounds, including breast surgery wounds, is empiric and scarce [20,23,24,26,27,30,35]. CDC's guidelines instruct that wounds that are closed primarily should be covered with a sterile dressing for 24 to 48hours [19]. There is neither recommendation of the type of dressing nor the ideal dressing wear time following breast surgery. These remain unsolved issues, and decisions regarding routine dressing are made on the basis of surgeons' personal experience [19].
This randomized controlled trial was designed to assess the influence of dressing wear time after breast reconstruction on SSI rates, skin colonization and patients' perceptions of safety, comfort and convenience.

Study aims
To assess whether dressing wear time after breast reconstruction will influence SSI rates. Secondary aims are to assess the influence of dressing wear time on skin colonization and patients' perceptions with regard to safety, comfort and convenience.

Ethical issues
The Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí Ethical Committee approved the study protocol (786/07 and 1623/11). Only participants who have agreed to provide written informed consent will be included in the study.

Study design and setting
This is a two-arm parallel group randomized controlled trial, to be conducted in a university-affiliated hospital. Patients will be recruited from the Breast Unit of the Plastic Surgery Division of the Hospital das Clínicas Samuel Libânio -Universidade do Vale do Sapucaí. This trial was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01148823).

Eligibility criteria Inclusion criteria
Breast cancer patients over 18 years of age undergoing immediate or delayed breast reduction at Hospital das Clinicas Samuel Libânio will be considered eligible for participation.

Exclusion criteria
Patients with body mass index (BMI) above 35Kg/m 2 , those with usual contraindications for breast reconstruction procedures, such as diabetes or heavy smoking, will be excluded. Patients whose dressings get wet in the first 24 hours after operation, thus requiring their change, will also be excluded.

Groups' assignment, randomization and allocation concealment
Two hundred patients will be prospectively enrolled after giving informed consent. Patients will be randomly assigned to group I (n = 100), which will have dressings removed on the first postoperative day or to group II (n = 100), whose dressings will be removed on the sixth postoperative day. The rationale for comparing 24 hours versus 144 hours of dressing include CDC recommendation of protecting an incision with a sterile dressing for 24 to 48 hours [19] (group I) and the time of removing sutures (group II).
The allocation will be determined by a computer-generated sequence (Bioestat 5.0, Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Belém, PA, Brazil). A numbered and sealed opaque envelope will be opened on the first postoperative day to reveal the group to which the patient is allocated.

Baseline procedures and interventions
Patients will take a shower with liquid detergent-based chlorhexidine 4% prior to the operation [36], and an alcoholic solution of chlorhexidine 0.5% will be used for the antisepsis of the surgical site in the operating room [37]. Patients will undergo immediate or delayed breast reconstruction under general anesthesia, by the use of flaps and/or implants and, performed by the same surgical team. All patients will receive prophylactic antibiotics (cephazolin).
At the end of the operation, the surgical site will be cleansed with sterile physiological saline, a sample for quantitative skin culture will be obtained and a conventional gauze and tape dressing, which use is the established practice in our hospital, will be applied. Sutured wounds will be completely covered with four layers of dry sterile cotton gauze and fixed in place by a microporous adhesive tape. The surgical team will not be aware of the group to which the patient will be allocated.
Patients allocated to group I will be instructed to keep their wounds uncovered and to follow their usual personal hygiene routine, and patients in group II will be instructed not to wet the dressing.
Quantitative skin cultures will be obtained in the operating room immediately before applying the dressing, as well as immediately after the removal of dressing. In group I, an additional sample will be collected at the sixth postoperative day. A standard 5cm by 10 cm area (determined by a sterile pattern) over the surgical wound will be swabbed with a sterile cotton swab premoistened with sterile saline. This swab will be placed in a sterile container with 1.0 ml of saline and immediately conducted to the laboratory.
Patients will be discharged from the hospital on the first postoperative day after allocation, and they will return weekly for follow-up, for four weeks.

Microbiological methods
Standard microbiological methods and criteria will be used to identify microorganisms [38]. Aliquots of 0.2 ml of the sample will be plated on hypertonic manitol (HM) agar, selective for staphylococci; on blood agar, to identify hemolytic colonies; on Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol (0.05mg/ml), selective for fungi and yeasts; and on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar, selective for enterobacteria. The plates will be incubated aerobically for 48 hours at 37°C. The same laboratory technician will process all samples and, after 48 hours, the plates will be examined by a microbiologist.
Bacterial count results will be reported as colony forming units (CFU) per plate. Whenever CFU count in a plate exceeds 300, it will be scored as over 300. Staphylococci will be identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp. or S. aureus on the basis of Gram stain, the presence of hemolysis and on coagulase testing. The same microbiologist will assess all the plates. Both the laboratory technician and the microbiologist will be blinded.

Assessment of postoperative infection
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) considers SSI to be an infection that occurs within 30 days after the operative procedure if no implant is left in place, or within one year if an implant is in place and the infection appears to be related to the operative procedure [39]. Thus, patients will be systematically followed-up once a week for 30 days regarding postoperative infection, by a single surgeon. Patients who receive an implant will have an additional assessment by the same surgeon, one year after the operation. The CDC definitions and classifications of SSI will be considered (Table 1) [39]. As with all CDC definitions of nosocomial infections, a surgeon's diagnosis of infection will be considered an acceptable criterion for an SSI [39].

Patients' assessments of dressing wear time
On their return in the second week after operation, patients will be asked to rate their dressing wear time with regard to safety, comfort and convenience, by the use of a 5-point rating scale (Table 2) [35].

Outcomes measures
The primary outcome is the incidence of SSI, which will be defined on the basis of CDC's definitions [39]. Skin colonization rates and patients' preferences regarding dressing wear time are secondary outcomes.

End points
Participation is considered complete after the 30 th postoperative assessment day if no implants have been used, or after the 12 th postoperative month if an implant was used. Another exit point is if the dressings of group II patients get wet before the sixth postoperative day, thus requiring withdrawal from the study.

Statistical analysis
The rejection level for the null hypothesis will be fixed at 5% (α ≤ 0.05). The Mann-Whitney test will be used to compare groups I and II with regard to age, BMI and duration of operation.
The Fisher test will be used to compare groups I and II regarding SSI occurrence. Logistic regressions will be applied to detect significant associations between variables such as age, BMI and duration of operation and the incidence of SSI.
For inter-group assessment of skin colonization, the Mann-Whitney test will be used to compare groups I and II pre-dressing and at the sixth postoperative day. These tests will be applied independently for each medium used. Because skin colonization could play a role in SSI rates, an intra-group assessment of skin colonization will also be performed. For this assessment, in group I Friedman two-way analysis of variance will be used to assess the differences in number of CFU among the three moments (pre-dressing, first and sixth post-operative day). Whenever the difference is significant, the Friedman two-way analysis of variance will be complemented by the multiple comparisons test to determine which moment significantly differed from the others. In group II, the Wilcoxon test will be used to compare the number of CFU pre-dressing and at the sixth postoperative day.
The Kolgomorov-Smirnov test will be applied to compare the two groups regarding patients' assessments of safety, comfort and convenience. The Fisher test will be used to compare groups I and II regarding patients' choice (one day or six days).

Discussion
SSI is a major source of adverse events in patients undergoing breast cancer surgical procedures, generating psychological issues, increased duration of hospitalization and costs, as well as delay in commencing postoperative adjuvant therapies [2,5,11]. Consequently, surgeons should make a determined effort to prevent SSI. As protocols and guidelines should be founded on evidence-based medicine principles, well-designed studies are essential to support or to adjust clinical practice [20].
Wound management is a key area in preventing SSI [21]. However, few studies have focused on the management of the wound after closure as a method of reducing infection [34]. This randomized trial focuses on the influence of dressing wear time in SSI rates. Since the greater the degree of surgical wound contamination, the higher the risk for infection [2,19], skin colonization assessment is a secondary aim of this study.
The management of surgical wounds should involve the principle of minimizing harm, and patient preference and tolerance must also be considered [30]. Thus, assessment of patients' perceptions of dressing wear time is another secondary aim in this trial. Some authors Involves deep soft tissues (fascial and muscle layers) and meets at least one of the following: Involves any part of the anatomy (organs or spaces) and meets at least one of the following: • Purulent drainage from the superficial incision; • Purulent drainage from the deep incision but not from the organ/space component of the surgical site; • Purulent drainage from a drain that is placed through a stab wound into the organ/space; • Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue from the superficial incision; • A deep incision that spontaneously dehisces or is deliberately opened by a surgeon when the patient has at least one of the following signs or symptoms: fever (>38°C), localized pain or tenderness, unless the incision is culturenegative; • Organisms isolated from an aseptically obtained culture of fluid or tissue in the organ/ space; • At least one of the following signs or symptoms of infection: pain or tenderness, localized swelling, redness or heat, and the superficial incision is deliberately opened by surgeon unless the incision is culture-negative; • An abscess or other evidence of infection involving the deep incision is found on direct examination, during reoperation, or by histopathologic or radiologic examination; • An abscess or other evidence of infection involving the organ/space that is found on direct examination, during reoperation, or by histopathologic or radiologic examination; • Diagnosis of superficial incisional SSI by the surgeon or attending physician.
• Diagnosis of deep incisional SSI by the surgeon or attending physician.
• Diagnosis of an organ/space SSI by the surgeon or attending physician. pointed out that omitting a dressing after the first 24 postoperative hours could be convenient for patients, allowing them to carry out their personal hygiene more easily [24]. However, other authors observed that dressings are comforting to patients by masking their scars without increasing SSI rates [23,26,35]. Considering the mutilating characteristics of breast cancer treatment, we hypothesize that patients, particularly those who undergo immediate breast reconstruction, might prefer to keep their dressings in place for a longer time, thus delaying the moment of seeing their reconstructed breasts. CDC's guidelines for managing surgical wounds that are closed primarily instruct patients to keep their wounds dry and covered for 24 to 48 hours [19], but the ideal dressing wear time following breast surgery remains an unsolved issue. The results of this trial may support standard recommendations regarding dressing wear time after breast reconstruction.

Trial status
Recruitment is on-going (134 patients had been operated on by the end of December 2012).