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  1. Individuals with a learning disability (LD) are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, but LD is not straightforward to define or identify, especially at the milder end of the spectrum, which makes case...

    Authors: Rebecca E. A. Walwyn, Amy M. Russell, Louise D. Bryant, Amanda J. Farrin, Alexandra M. Wright-Hughes, Elizabeth H. Graham, Claire Hulme, John L. O’Dwyer, Gary J. Latchford, Alison J. Stansfield, Dinesh Nagi, Ramzi A. Ajjan and Allan O. House
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:342
  2. Manuscript abstracts represent a critical source of information for oncology practitioners. Practitioners may utilize the information contained in abstracts as a basis for treatment decisions particularly when...

    Authors: Shanthi Sivendran, Kristina Newport, Michael Horst, Adam Albert and Matthew D. Galsky
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:341
  3. Delirium is the most frequent complication among older people following hospitalisation. Delirium may be prevented in about one-third of patients using a multicomponent intervention. However, in the United Kin...

    Authors: John Young, Francine Cheater, Michelle Collinson, Marie Fletcher, Anne Forster, Mary Godfrey, John Green, Shamaila Anwar, Suzanne Hartley, Claire Hulme, Sharon K Inouye, David Meads, Gillian Santorelli, Najma Siddiqi, Jane Smith, Elizabeth Teale…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:340
  4. Age-related muscle wasting has been strongly implicated with falls and fractures in the elderly, but it has also been associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Progressive resistance training (PRT) and a...

    Authors: Robin M. Daly, Jenny Gianoudis, Melissa Prosser, Dawson Kidgell, Kathryn A. Ellis, Stella O’Connell and Caryl A. Nowson
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:339
  5. Glaucoma involves progressive optic nerve fibre loss, subsequently leading to irreversible and disabling visual field defects. In Europe, the prevalence of glaucoma is approximately 2.2 % of all people aged ov...

    Authors: Marina Forbes, Helen Fairlamb and Leon Jonker
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:337
  6. Previous studies regarding rhythm control in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) could not sufficiently demonstrate the efficacy of available anti-arrhythmic drugs. ‘Upstream therapy’ has emerged as a poten...

    Authors: Wen-Wei Qi, Tong Liu, Gang Xu, Li-Feng Li, Ying-Zi Liang, Lan Ye and Guang-Ping Li
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:336
  7. Despite Australia’s sunny climate, low vitamin D levels are increasingly prevalent. Sun exposure is limited by long working hours, an increase in time spent indoors, and sun protection practices, and there is ...

    Authors: Barbora de Courten, Aya Mousa, Negar Naderpoor, Helena Teede, Maximilian P J de Courten and Robert Scragg
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:335
  8. Authors: Roger Olofsson Bagge, Lars Ny, Charlotta All-Ericsson, Malin Sternby Eilard, Magnus Rizell, Christian Cahlin, Ulrika Stierner, Ulf Lönn, Johan Hansson, Ingrid Ljuslinder, Lotta Lundgren, Gustav Ullenhag, Jens Folke Kiilgaard, Jonas Nilsson and Per Lindnér
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:334

    The original article was published in Trials 2014 15:317

  9. It is increasingly acknowledged that clinical interventions for young persons with mental disorders need to optimize social, vocational and physical functioning, and take into account developmental needs, rath...

    Authors: Lillian Jean Gehue, Elizabeth Scott, Daniel Francis Hermens, Jan Scott and Ian Hickie
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:333
  10. Impaired glucose tolerance is present in one third of patients with a TIA or ischemic stroke and is associated with a two-fold risk of recurrent stroke. Metformin improves glucose tolerance, but often leads to...

    Authors: Elizabeth Osei, Susanne Fonville, Adrienne A. M. Zandbergen, Paul J. A. M. Brouwers, Laus J. M. M. Mulder, Hester F. Lingsma, Diederik W. J. Dippel, Peter J. Koudstaal and Heleen M. den Hertog
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:332
  11. Deep muscle relaxation has been shown to facilitate operating conditions during laparoscopic surgery. Minimally invasive esophageal surgery is a high-risk procedure in which the use of deep neuromuscular block...

    Authors: Denise P. Veelo, Suzanne S. Gisbertz, Rebekka A. Hannivoort, Susan van Dieren, Bart F. Geerts, Mark I. van Berge Henegouwen and Markus W. Hollmann
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:331
  12. This update describes changes to procedures for our randomised controlled trial of ‘On Your Feet to Earn Your Seat’, a habit-based intervention to reduce sedentary behaviour in older adults. Some of the amendm...

    Authors: Benjamin Gardner, Lee Smith, Daniel Aggio, Steve Iliffe, Kenneth R. Fox, Barbara J. Jefferis and Mark Hamer
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:330
  13. The pain of a severe burn injury is often characterised by intense background pain, coupled with severe exacerbations associated with essential procedures such as dressing changes. The experience of pain is af...

    Authors: Charlotte Small, Robert Stone, Jane Pilsbury, Michael Bowden and Julian Bion
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:329
  14. Beyond its classical role in calcium homoeostasis and bone metabolism, vitamin D deficiency has been found to be associated with several diseases, including diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and eve...

    Authors: Maria Luger, Renate Kruschitz, Rodrig Marculescu, Helmuth Haslacher, Friedrich Hoppichler, Enikö Kallay, Christian Kienbacher, Carmen Klammer, Melanie Kral, Felix Langer, Eva Luger, Gerhard Prager, Michael Trauner, Stefan Traussnigg, Tanja Würger, Karin Schindler…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:328
  15. Complex metabolic changes cause obesity, making weight loss difficult. For this reason, understanding metabolism is important, and considering the shortcomings of conventional treatment options for obesity, ac...

    Authors: Koh-Woon Kim, Hye Hyun Yoo, Jae-Heung Cho, Yo-Chan Yang, Je-In Kim, Song-Yi Kim, Ji-Yeun Park, Hi-Joon Park and Mi-Yeon Song
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:327
  16. Metabolic acidosis is more common with advancing chronic kidney disease, and has been associated with impaired physical function, impaired bone health, accelerated decline in kidney function and increased vasc...

    Authors: Miles D. Witham, Margaret M. Band, Roberta C. Littleford, Alison Avenell, Roy L. Soiza, Marion E. T. McMurdo, Deepa Sumukadas, Simon A. Ogston, Edmund J. Lamb, Geeta Hampson and Paul McNamee
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:326
  17. The power of the randomised controlled trial depends upon its capacity to operate in a closed system whereby the intervention is the only causal force acting upon the experimental group and absent in the contr...

    Authors: Bronagh Blackwood and Lyvonne Tume
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:325
  18. Nowadays, short dental implants are being increasingly applied in extremely resorbed posterior regions. The recent studies have indicated that short implants present a similar success rate to conventional impl...

    Authors: Jun-Yu Shi, Ying-Xin Gu, Shi-Chong Qiao, Long-Fei Zhuang, Xiao-Meng Zhang and Hong-Chang Lai
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:324
  19. Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death and disability and is associated with a lower health-related quality of life. We evaluated the impact of telecoaching conducted by a counselor trained in motivat...

    Authors: Jill M. Huber, Joshua S. Shapiro, Mark L. Wieland, Ivana T. Croghan, Kristen S. Vickers Douglas, Darrell R. Schroeder, Julie C. Hathaway and Jon O. Ebbert
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:323
  20. Surgical site infections (SSIs) are the second most common form of nosocomial infection. Colorectal resections have high rates of SSIs secondary to the inherently contaminated intraluminal environment. Negativ...

    Authors: Sami A. Chadi, Kelly N. Vogt, Sarah Knowles, Patrick B. Murphy, Julie Ann Van Koughnett, Muriel Brackstone and Michael C. Ott
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:322
  21. Severe traumatic injury and haemorrhagic shock are frequently associated with disruptions of coagulation function (such as trauma-induced coagulopathy TIC) and activation of inflammatory cascades. These pathol...

    Authors: Penny S. Reynolds, Mary Jane Michael, Emily D. Cochran, Jacob A. Wegelin and Bruce D. Spiess
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:321
  22. Previous studies have indicated that acupuncture can alleviate the symptoms of Tourette syndrome (TS), but the evidence is insufficient. So far, there have been no reports on plum-blossom needle therapy for TS...

    Authors: Jinna Yu, Yongming Ye, Shanshan Li, Jun Liu, Yanbing Zhai, Min Zhang and Zhishun Liu
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:320
  23. Psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral group therapies are frequently applied in day hospitals for the treatment of anxiety disorders and comorbid depressive or personality disorders in Poland and other Easter...

    Authors: Hubert Suszek, Paweł Holas, Tomasz Wyrzykowski, Steinar Lorentzen and Andrzej Kokoszka
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:319
  24. Growing use of cloud computing in clinical trials prompted the European Clinical Research Infrastructures Network, a European non-profit organisation established to support multinational clinical research, to ...

    Authors: Christian Ohmann, Steve Canham, Edgar Danielyan, Steve Robertshaw, Yannick Legré, Luca Clivio and Jacques Demotes
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:318
  25. Although vocational rehabilitation is a widely advocated intervention for workers on sick leave due to subacute or chronic nonspecific musculoskeletal pain, the optimal dosage of effective and cost-effective v...

    Authors: Timo T. Beemster, Judith M. van Velzen, Coen A.M. van Bennekom, Monique H.W. Frings-Dresen and Michiel F. Reneman
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:317
  26. The use of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in appropriate patients supports fast-track anesthesia with a lower incidence of postoperative airway-connected adverse events. Data on the most favorable anesthetic in...

    Authors: Ana Stevanovic, Rolf Rossaint, András P. Keszei, Harald Fritz, Gebhard Fröba, Friedrich Pühringer and Mark Coburn
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:316
  27. Bacterial vaginosis is associated with increased transmission of sexually transmitted infections, preterm labor, post-surgical infections, and endometritis. Current treatment for symptomatic bacterial vaginosi...

    Authors: Melinda Zeron Mullins and Konia M. Trouton
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:315
  28. The causes of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and idiopathic chronic fatigue (ICF) are not clearly known, and there are no definitive treatments for them. Therefore, patients with CFS and ICF are interested in ...

    Authors: Jung-Eun Kim, Byung-Kwan Seo, Jin-Bong Choi, Hyeong-Jun Kim, Tae-Hun Kim, Min-Hee Lee, Kyung-Won Kang, Joo-Hee Kim, Kyung-Min Shin, Seunghoon Lee, So-Young Jung, Ae-Ran Kim, Mi-Suk Shin, Hee-Jung Jung, Hyo-Ju Park, Sung-Phil Kim…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:314
  29. The management of dizziness in older patients is primarily diagnosis-oriented. However, in 40 % of older patients with dizziness, GPs are not able to identify an underlying cause, and a number of common underl...

    Authors: Hanneke Stam, Johannes C. van der Wouden, Henriëtte E. van der Horst and Otto R. Maarsingh
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:313
  30. Depression is a common and disabling condition. Since 2001, Chile has had a national program for depression in primary care and universal access to treatment for depressed people over the age of 15. There are ...

    Authors: Graciela Rojas, Pablo Martínez, Paul A. Vöhringer, Vania Martínez, Ariel Castro-Lara and Rosemarie Fritsch
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:311
  31. Critically ill patients rapidly loose much of their muscle mass and strength. This can be attributed to prolonged admission, prolonged mechanical ventilation and increased mortality, and it can have a negative...

    Authors: Helene Korvenius Nedergaard, Hanne Irene Jensen, Jørgen T. Lauridsen, Gisela Sjøgaard and Palle Toft
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:310
  32. Patient understanding of study information is fundamental to gaining informed consent to take part in a randomised controlled trial. In order to meet the requirements of research ethics committees, patient inf...

    Authors: Mei-See Man, Jo Rick and Peter Bower
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:309
  33. People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) experience rapid and distressing changes in mood, poor social functioning and have high rates of suicidal behaviour. Several small scale studies suggest that m...

    Authors: Mike J. Crawford, Rahil Sanatinia, Barbara Barrett, Sarah Byford, Gillian Cunningham, Kavi Gakhal, Geof Lawrence-Smith, Verity Leeson, Fenella Lemonsky, Georgia Lykomitrou, Alan Montgomery, Richard Morriss, Carol Paton, Wei Tan, Peter Tyrer and Joseph G. Reilly
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:308
  34. Podoconiosis is one of the forgotten types of leg swelling (elephantiasis) in the tropics. Unlike the other, better-known types of leg swelling, podoconiosis is not caused by any parasite, virus or bacterium, ...

    Authors: Henok Negussie, Meseret Molla Kassahun, Greg Fegan, Patricia Njuguna, Fikre Enquselassie, Andy McKay, Melanie Newport, Trudie Lang and Gail Davey
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:307
  35. Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT) designs range from highly selective resulting in lack of external validity to more inclusive, requiring large sample sizes to observe significant results. Few publications, howe...

    Authors: Yuval Eisenberg, Hiba Mohiuddin, Karthik Cherukupally, Hassan Zaidi, Subhash Kukreja and Elena Barengolts
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:306
  36. Elevated depressive symptoms that do not reach criteria for a clinical diagnosis of depression are highly prevalent in persons with diabetes. This study was aimed at determining the efficacy of psychoeducation...

    Authors: Mirjana Pibernik-Okanović, Norbert Hermanns, Dea Ajduković, Jadranka Kos, Manja Prašek, Mario Šekerija and Marijana Vučić Lovrenčić
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:305
  37. Eczema is common in children and in the UK most cases are managed in primary care. The foundation of all treatment is the regular use of leave-on emollients to preserve and restore moisture to the skin. This n...

    Authors: Matthew J Ridd, Niamh M Redmond, Sandra Hollinghurst, Nicola Ball, Lindsay Shaw, Richard Guy, Victoria Wilson, Chris Metcalfe and Sarah Purdy
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:304
  38. The OptEC trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of oral iron in young children with non-anemic iron deficiency (NAID). The initial sample size calculated for the OptEC trial ranged from 112–198 subjects. Gi...

    Authors: Kawsari Abdullah, Kevin E. Thorpe, Eva Mamak, Jonathon L. Maguire, Catherine S. Birken, Darcy Fehlings, Anthony J. Hanley, Colin Macarthur, Stanley H. Zlotkin and Patricia C. Parkin
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:303
  39. Patient decision aids (P-DAs) are used to inform patients about healthcare choices, but there is limited knowledge about their longer term effects, beyond the time period of decision-making.

    Authors: Anna M. Sawka, Sharon Straus, Gary Rodin, Kevin E. Thorpe, Shereen Ezzat, Amiram Gafni and David P. Goldstein
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:302
  40. Immunization programs are among the most effective public health strategies worldwide. Adequate vaccine storage is a prerequisite to assure the vaccines’ effectiveness and safety. In a questionnaire survey amo...

    Authors: Anika Thielmann, Anja Viehmann and Birgitta M. Weltermann
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:301
  41. Vitamin D regulates bone mineral metabolism and skeletal development. Some observational studies have suggested that prenatal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of adverse pregnancy and/or birth outcomes;...

    Authors: Daniel E. Roth, Alison D. Gernand, Shaun K. Morris, Brendon Pezzack, M. Munirul Islam, Michelle C. Dimitris, Shaila S. Shanta, Stanley H. Zlotkin, Andrew R. Willan, Tahmeed Ahmed, Prakesh S. Shah, Kellie E. Murphy, Rosanna Weksberg, Sanaa Choufani, Rashed Shah and Abdullah Al Mahmud
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:300
  42. After total knee replacement, overall blood loss is often underestimated, although it exceeds the visible blood loss caused by bleeding into the tissues or into the joint. The use of fibrin sealants during sur...

    Authors: S. Budde, Y. Noll, V. Zieglschmid, C. Schroeder, A. Koch and H. Windhagen
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:299
  43. Health services research is expected to involve service users as active partners in the research process, but few examples report how this has been achieved in practice in trials. We implemented a model to inv...

    Authors: Marina Koniotou, Bridie Angela Evans, Robin Chatters, Rachael Fothergill, Christopher Garnsworthy, Sarah Gaze, Mary Halter, Suzanne Mason, Julie Peconi, Alison Porter, A. Niroshan Siriwardena, Alun Toghill and Helen Snooks
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:298
  44. Pneumonia is a leading cause of childhood mortality globally. Oxygen therapy improves survival in children with pneumonia, yet its availability remains limited in many resource-constrained settings where most ...

    Authors: Saleh Nyende, Andrea Conroy, Robert Opika Opoka, Sophie Namasopo, Kevin C. Kain, Arthur Mpimbaza, Ravi Bhargava and Michael Hawkes
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:297
  45. No head-to-head randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the superiority of one colorectal screening modality over another in reducing colorectal cancer mortality. We conducted a pilot randomized control...

    Authors: John J. You, Yudong Liu, John Kirby, Parag Vora and Paul Moayyedi
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:296
  46. Patient-reported outcomes are vital in informing randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and health-care interventions and policies from the patient’s perspective. However, participant non-response may introduce b...

    Authors: Kathryn Starr, Gladys McPherson, Mark Forrest and Seonaidh C. Cotton
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:295
  47. Atopic eczema or atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Current conventional medical treatment for moderate and severe atopic eczema is not satisfactory. There is promising evidence derived ...

    Authors: Sherman X. Gu, Anthony L. Zhang, Meaghan E. Coyle, Xiumei Mo, George B. Lenon, Noel E. Cranswick, DaCan Chen and Charlie C. Xue
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:294
  48. Major depression is one of the most debilitating diseases in terms of quality of life. Less than half of patients suffering from depression can achieve remission after adequate antidepressant treatment. Anothe...

    Authors: Norio Watanabe, Masaru Horikoshi, Mitsuhiko Yamada, Shinji Shimodera, Tatsuo Akechi, Kazuhira Miki, Masatoshi Inagaki, Naohiro Yonemoto, Hissei Imai, Aran Tajika, Yusuke Ogawa, Nozomi Takeshima, Yu Hayasaka and Toshi A. Furukawa
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:293

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