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  1. Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard for evaluating therapy; however, controversy exists regarding the applicability of such results to daily practice, as patients are often pre-selected and may ...

    Authors: Jarosław Wasilewski, Lech Poloński, Andrzej Lekston, Tadeusz Osadnik, Rafał Reguła, Kamil Bujak and Anna Kurek
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:411
  2. Antiplatelet treatment is an important component in optimizing the clinical outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) especially in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Prasugrel, which i...

    Authors: Joo Myung Lee, Ji-Hyun Jung, Kyung Woo Park, Eun-Seok Shin, Seok Kyu Oh, Jang-Whan Bae, Jay Young Rhew, Namho Lee, Dong-Bin Kim, Ung Kim, Jung-Kyu Han, Sang Eun Lee, Han-Mo Yang, Hyun-Jae Kang, Bon-Kwon Koo, Sanghyun Kim…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:409
  3. Access for endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysms (EVAR) is obtained through surgical cutdown or percutaneously. The only devices suitable for percutaneous closure of the 20 French arteriotomies of ...

    Authors: Bastiaan P. Vierhout, Ben R. Saleem, Alewijn Ott, Jan Maarten van Dijl, Ties D. van Andringa de Kempenaer, Maurice E. N. Pierie, Jan T. Bottema and Clark J. Zeebregts
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:408
  4. The Cord Pilot Trial aimed to assess the feasibility of conducting a large UK randomised trial to compare the effects of alternative polices for timing of cord clamping (immediate within 20 seconds or deferred...

    Authors: Lucy E. Bradshaw, Angela Pushpa-Rajah, Jon Dorling, Eleanor J. Mitchell and Lelia Duley
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:407
  5. Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the world. Estimated to affect 60 million people worldwide, this figure is expected to rise to 80 million by 2020. Untreated, glaucoma leads to visual...

    Authors: Ecosse L. Lamoureux, Rachel Mcintosh, Marios Constantinou, Eva K. Fenwick, Jing Xie, Robert Casson, Eric Finkelstein, Ivan Goldberg, Paul Healey, Ravi Thomas, Ghee Soon Ang, Konrad Pesudovs and Jonathan Crowston
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:406
  6. Selection bias occurs when recruiters selectively enrol patients into the trial based on what the next treatment allocation is likely to be. This can occur even if appropriate allocation concealment is used if...

    Authors: Brennan C. Kahan, Sunita Rehal and Suzie Cro
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:405
  7. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) is recommended for the treatment of psychosis; however, only a small proportion of service users have access to this intervention. Smartphone technology using software applica...

    Authors: Sandra Bucci, Christine Barrowclough, John Ainsworth, Rohan Morris, Katherine Berry, Matthew Machin, Richard Emsley, Shon Lewis, Dawn Edge, Iain Buchan and Gillian Haddock
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:404
  8. Following the World Trade Center disaster, a large number of individuals involved in rescue and recovery activity were exposed to significant amounts of dust, and reported symptoms of chronic nasal and sinus i...

    Authors: Indu Ayappa, Jag Sunderram, Kathleen Black, Akosua Twumasi, Iris Udasin, Denise Harrison, Jeffrey L. Carson, Shou-En Lu and David M. Rapoport
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:403
  9. Vitamin D is a pleiotropic hormone important for the recovery of organ systems after critical illness. Recent observational studies have suggested that three out of every four children are vitamin D deficient ...

    Authors: J. Dayre McNally, Katie O’Hearn, Margaret L. Lawson, Gyaandeo Maharajh, Pavel Geier, Hope Weiler, Stephanie Redpath, Lauralyn McIntyre, Dean Fergusson and Kusum Menon
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:402
  10. Visual or visual-and-intellectual disabilities of children make daily interactions more difficult for their parents and may impact the quality of the parent-child relationship. To support these parents, an exi...

    Authors: Mathilde M. Overbeek, Paula S. Sterkenburg, Sabina Kef and Carlo Schuengel
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:401
  11. The position of invasive urodynamic testing (IUT) in diagnostic pathways for urinary incontinence is unclear, and systematic reviews have called for further trials evaluating clinical utility. The objective of...

    Authors: Paul Hilton, Natalie Armstrong, Catherine Brennand, Denise Howel, Jing Shen, Andrew Bryant, Douglas G. Tincello, Malcolm G. Lucas, Brian S. Buckley, Christopher R. Chapple, Tara Homer, Luke Vale and Elaine McColl
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:400
  12. Fluctuation in glycemia due to hormonal changes, growth periods, physical activity, and emotions make diabetes management difficult during adolescence. Our objective was to show that a close control of patient...

    Authors: Behrouz Kassai, Muriel Rabilloud, Delphine Bernoux, Catherine Michal, Benjamin Riche, Tiphanie Ginhoux, Valérie Laudy, Daniel Terral, Catherine Didier-Wright, Veronique Maire, Catherine Dumont, Gilles Cottancin, Muriel Plasse, Guy-Patrick Jeannoel, Jamil Khoury, Claire Bony…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:399
  13. ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) accounts for nearly one third of acute coronary syndromes. Despite improved STEMI patient care, mortality remains high, contributing significantly to the ischemic hea...

    Authors: António Gaspar, Miguel Álvares Pereira, Pedro Azevedo, André Lourenço, Jorge Marques and Adelino Leite-Moreira
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:398
  14. Precompetition nervous syndrome comprises an excessive nervous and anxiety response to the high-pressure environment preceding a sporting competition. The use of acupuncture as a treatment option for anxiety, ...

    Authors: Shi Shu, Mei Zhan, Yan-li You, Xiao-lu Qian, Chun-ming Li, Cheng-lin Zhou and Shuang Zhou
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:396
  15. Reduced tongue strength is an important factor contributing to early and late dysphagia in head and neck cancer patients previously treated with chemoradiotherapy. The evidence is growing that tongue strengthe...

    Authors: Gwen Van Nuffelen, Leen Van den Steen, Olivier Vanderveken, Pol Specenier, Carl Van Laer, Diane Van Rompaey, Cindy Guns, Steven Mariën, Marc Peeters, Paul Van de Heyning, Jan Vanderwegen and Marc De Bodt
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:395
  16. There is a marked lack of evidence on the optimal prevention of ischaemic stroke and other thromboembolic events in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and a recent intracerebral haemorrhage during ...

    Authors: Koen M. van Nieuwenhuizen, H. Bart van der Worp, Ale Algra, L. Jaap Kappelle, Gabriel J. E. Rinkel, Isabelle C. van Gelder, Roger E. G. Schutgens and Catharina J. M. Klijn
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:393
  17. Until recently, insufficient attention has been paid to the fact that surgical interventions are complex. This complexity has several implications, including the way in which surgical interventions are describ...

    Authors: Natalie S. Blencowe, Julia M. Brown, Jonathan A. Cook, Chris Metcalfe, Dion G. Morton, Jon Nicholl, Linda D. Sharples, Shaun Treweek and Jane M. Blazeby
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:392
  18. We have developed a novel and brief semi-structured psychotherapeutic intervention for patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, called Managing Cancer And Living Meaningfully. We describe here the methodol...

    Authors: Chris Lo, Sarah Hales, Anne Rydall, Tania Panday, Aubrey Chiu, Carmine Malfitano, Judy Jung, Madeline Li, Rinat Nissim, Camilla Zimmermann and Gary Rodin
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:391
  19. Eczema is a chronic, itchy skin condition that can have a large impact on the quality of life of patients and their families. People with eczema are often keen to try out non-pharmacological therapies like sil...

    Authors: Eleanor F. Harrison, Rachel H. Haines, Fiona Cowdell, Tracey H. Sach, Taraneh Dean, Ian Pollock, Nigel P. Burrows, Hannah Buckley, Jonathan Batchelor, Hywel C. Williams, Sandra Lawton, Sara J. Brown, Lucy E. Bradshaw, Amina Ahmed, Alan A. Montgomery, Eleanor J. Mitchell…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:390
  20. Preventive nebulization of mucolytic agents and bronchodilating drugs is a strategy aimed at the prevention of sputum plugging, and therefore atelectasis and pneumonia, in intubated and ventilated intensive ca...

    Authors: Sophia M. van der Hoeven, Jan M. Binnekade, Corianne A. J. M. de Borgie, Frank H. Bosch, Henrik Endeman, Janneke Horn, Nicole P. Juffermans, Nardo J. M. van der Meer, Maruschka P. Merkus, Hazra S. Moeniralam, Bart van Silfhout, Mathilde Slabbekoorn, Willemke Stilma, Jan Willem Wijnhoven, Marcus J. Schultz and Frederique Paulus
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:389
  21. The risk for obesity is twice as high in people with serious mental illness (SMI) compared to the general population. Racial and ethnic minority status contribute additional health risks. The aim of this study...

    Authors: Leopoldo J. Cabassa, Ana Stefancic, Kathleen O’Hara, Nabila El-Bassel, Roberto Lewis-Fernández, José A. Luchsinger, Lauren Gates, Richard Younge, Melanie Wall, Lara Weinstein and Lawrence A. Palinkas
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:388
  22. Knowledge translation (KT) involves implementation of evidence-based strategies and guidelines into practice to improve the process of care and health outcomes for patients. Findings from pragmatic trials may ...

    Authors: Lehana Thabane, Janusz Kaczorowski, Lisa Dolovich, Larry W. Chambers and Lawrence Mbuagbaw
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:387
  23. Infancy is an important period in a child’s life, with rapid growth and development. Early experiences shape the developing brain, and adverse experiences can have both an immediate and lifelong impact on heal...

    Authors: Maiken Pontoppidan
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:386
  24. Despite progress in reducing cigarette smoking in the general U.S. population, smoking rates, cancer morbidity and related heart disease remain strikingly high among the poor and underserved. Homeless individu...

    Authors: Olamide Ojo-Fati, Florence John, Janet Thomas, Anne M. Joseph, Nancy C. Raymond, Ned L. Cooney, Rebekah Pratt, Charles R. Rogers, Susan A. Everson-Rose, Xianghua Luo and Kolawole S. Okuyemi
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:385
  25. The use of artificial colloids is currently controversial, especially in Central Europe Several studies demonstrated a worse outcome in intensive care unit patients with the use of hydroxyethyl starch. This re...

    Authors: Tobias Kammerer, Florian Klug, Michaela Schwarz, Sebastian Hilferink, Bernhard Zwissler, Vera von Dossow, Alexander Karl, Hans-Helge Müller and Markus Rehm
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:384
  26. Patients in Intensive Care Units (ICU) are often exposed to prolonged immobilization which, in turn, plays an important role in neuromuscular complications. Exercise with a cycle ergometer is a treatment optio...

    Authors: Laura Jurema dos Santos, Fernando de Aguiar Lemos, Tanara Bianchi, Amanda Sachetti, Ana Maria Dall’ Acqua, Wagner da Silva Naue, Alexandre Simões Dias and Silvia Regina Rios Vieira
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:383
  27. After major abdominal surgery (MAS), 20 % of patients endure major complications, which require invasive treatment and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. A quality control algorithm after m...

    Authors: Jennifer Straatman, Miguel A. Cuesta, W. H. (Hermien) Schreurs, Boudewijn J. Dwars, Huib A. Cense, Herman Rijna, D. J. A. (Eric) Sonneveld, Frank C. den Boer, Elly S. M. de Lange- de Klerk and Donald L. van der Peet
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:382
  28. Low physical activity is a major public health problem. New cost-effective approaches that stimulate meaningful long-term changes in physical activity are required, especially within primary care settings. It ...

    Authors: Oliver J. Peacock, Max J. Western, Alan M. Batterham, Afroditi Stathi, Martyn Standage, Alan Tapp, Paul Bennett and Dylan Thompson
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:381
  29. Managing patients with polypharmacy is a challenging issue in primary care. The aim of this study is to determine whether a patient-centered systematic review leads to more appropriate medication use in patien...

    Authors: Susann Hasler, Oliver Senn, Thomas Rosemann and Stefan Neuner-Jehle
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:380
  30. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal condition with a relapsing disease course. Managing the relapsing nature of the disease causes daily stress for IBD patients; thus, IBD patients r...

    Authors: Mariyana Schoultz, Iain Atherton and Angus Watson
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:379
  31. Although many patients with facial paralysis have obtained benefits or completely recovered after acupuncture or electroacupuncture therapy, it is still difficult to list intuitive evidence besides evaluation ...

    Authors: Zhi-dan Liu, Jiang-bo He, Si-si Guo, Zhi-xin Yang, Jun Shen, Xiao-yan Li, Wei Liang and Wei-dong Shen
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:378
  32. Despite advances in perioperative care, elective abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA) repair carries significant morbidity and mortality. Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIC) is a physiological phenomenon whereby ...

    Authors: Ronelle Mouton, Jon Pollock, Jasmeet Soar, David C. Mitchell and Chris A. Rogers
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:377
  33. Sickle cell anaemia (SCA) is an inherited disorder of haemoglobin. Patients experience long-term health care problems, affecting quality of life (QOL) including frequent acute pain, which is difficult to document...

    Authors: Jo Howard, Baba Inusa, Christina Liossi, Eufemia Jacob, Patrick B Murphy, Nicholas Hart, Johanna Gavlak, Sati Sahota, Maria Chorozoglou, Carol Nwosu, Maureen Gwam, Atul Gupta, David C Rees, Swee Lay Thein, Isabel C Reading, Fenella J Kirkham…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:376
  34. Randomized controlled trials are considered the “gold standard” for scientific rigor in the assessment of benefits and harms of interventions in healthcare. They may not always be feasible, however, when evalu...

    Authors: Nonsikelelo Mathe, Steven T. Johnson, Lisa A Wozniak, Sumit R. Majumdar and Jeffrey A. Johnson
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:375
  35. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) is a rare systemic allergic drug eruption with high patient mortality. Currently, no established treatments have been shown to be effective for TEN beyond supportive care. Prio...

    Authors: Reason Wilken, Chin Shang Li, Victoria R. Sharon, Kyoungmi Kim, Falin B. Patel, Forum Patel and Emanual Maverakis
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:374
  36. Core outcome sets can increase the efficiency and value of research and, as a result, there are an increasing number of studies looking to develop core outcome sets (COS). However, the credibility of a COS dep...

    Authors: Jamie J. Kirkham, Sarah Gorst, Douglas G. Altman, Jane Blazeby, Mike Clarke, Declan Devane, Elizabeth Gargon and Paula R. Williamson
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:373
  37. Lifestyle and health behaviours are strongly linked to non-communicable disease risk, but modifying them is challenging. There is an increasing recognition that adolescence is an important time for lifestyle a...

    Authors: Kathryn Woods-Townsend, Lisa Bagust, Mary Barker, Andri Christodoulou, Hannah Davey, Keith Godfrey, Marcus Grace, Janice Griffiths, Mark Hanson and Hazel Inskip
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:372
  38. Recently, clinical observations reported the potential benefit of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for pediatric epilepsy. Transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (ta-VNS) is a newer non-invasive VNS, ma...

    Authors: Wei He, Xiao-Yu Wang, Li Zhou, Zhi-Mei Li, Xiang-Hong Jing, Zhong-Li Lv, Yu-Feng Zhao, Hong Shi, Ling Hu, Yang-Shuai Su and Bing Zhu
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:371
  39. Dose reduction schedules of tumor necrosis factor antagonists (anti-TNF) as maintenance therapy in patients with spondyloarthritis are used empirically in clinical practice, despite the lack of clinical trials...

    Authors: Caridad Pontes, Jordi Gratacós, Ferran Torres, Cristina Avendaño, Jesús Sanz, Antoni Vallano, Xavier Juanola, Eugenio de Miguel, Raimon Sanmartí and Gonzalo Calvo
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:370
  40. Several small trials have suggested that fluoxetine improves neurological recovery from stroke. FOCUS, AFFINITY and EFFECTS are a family of investigator-led, multicentre, parallel group, randomised, placebo-co...

    Authors: Gillian Mead, Maree L. Hackett, Erik Lundström, Veronica Murray, Graeme J. Hankey and Martin Dennis
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:369

    The Update to this article has been published in Trials 2020 21:233

  41. Among clinical trials of interventions that aim to modify time spent on mechanical ventilation for critically ill patients there is considerable inconsistency in chosen outcomes and how they are measured. The ...

    Authors: Bronagh Blackwood, Suzanne Ringrow, Mike Clarke, John Marshall, Louise Rose, Paula Williamson and Danny McAuley
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:368
  42. Depression is associated with physical inactivity, which may mediate the relationship between depression and a range of chronic physical health conditions. However, few interventions have combined a psychologi...

    Authors: Claire Pentecost, Paul Farrand, Colin J. Greaves, Rod S. Taylor, Fiona C. Warren, Melvyn Hillsdon, Colin Green, Jo R. Welsman, Kat Rayson, Philip H. Evans and Adrian H. Taylor
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:367
  43. Currently there is no guideline for the treatment of patients with Crohn’s disease and high perianal fistulas. Most patients receive anti-TNF medication, but no long-term results of this expensive medication h...

    Authors: E. Joline de Groof, Christianne J. Buskens, Cyriel Y. Ponsioen, Marcel G. W. Dijkgraaf, Geert R. A. M. D’Haens, Nidhi Srivastava, Gijs J. D. van Acker, Jeroen M. Jansen, Michael F. Gerhards, Gerard Dijkstra, Johan F. M. Lange, Ben J. M. Witteman, Philip M. Kruyt, Apollo Pronk, Sebastiaan A. C. van Tuyl, Alexander Bodelier…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:366
  44. Rabbit antithymocyte globulin (rATG, Thymoglobulin®) is the most common induction immunosuppression therapy in kidney transplantation. We applied a database integration strategy to capture and compare long-ter...

    Authors: Krista L. Lentine, Mark A. Schnitzler, Huiling Xiao and Daniel C. Brennan
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:365

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Trials 2015 16:412

  45. Chronic kidney disease is a significant contributor to mortality and morbidity worldwide, and the number of people who require dialysis or transplantation continues to increase. People on dialysis are 15 times...

    Authors: Allison Tong, Braden Manns, Brenda Hemmelgarn, David C. Wheeler, Peter Tugwell, Wolfgang C. Winkelmayer, Wim van Biesen, Sally Crowe, Peter G. Kerr, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Kirsten Howard, Carol Pollock, Carmel M. Hawley, David W. Johnson, Stephen P. McDonald, Martin P. Gallagher…
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:364
  46. Incomplete spontaneous abortions are defined by the intrauterine retention of the products of conception after their incomplete or partial expulsion. This condition may be managed by expectant care, medical tr...

    Authors: Cyrille Huchon, Martin Koskas, Aubert Agostini, Cherif Akladios, Souhail Alouini, Estelle Bauville, Nicolas Bourdel, Hervé Fernandez, Xavier Fritel, Olivier Graesslin, Guillaume Legendre, Jean-Philippe Lucot, Isabelle Matheron, Pierre Panel, Cyril Raiffort and Arnaud Fauconnier
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:363
  47. Left-behind children (LBC) are recognised as a new social group in China. LBC are young children who are abandoned in rural villages whilst their parents travel to distant urban centres for employment (a new g...

    Authors: Qian Lin, Peymané Adab, Karla Hemming, Lina Yang, Hong Qin, Mingzhi Li, Jing Deng, Jingcheng Shi and Jihua Chen
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:361
  48. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a very common procedure in orthopedic surgery. In the Netherlands, 25,642 primary THAs were performed in 2013. Postoperative hip dislocation is one of the major complications an...

    Authors: Anil Peters, Miranda Tijink, Anne Veldhuijzen and Rianne Huis in ‘t Veld
    Citation: Trials 2015 16:360

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