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  1. Despite availability of effective treatment, tuberculosis (TB) remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality globally, with low- and middle-income countries most affected. In many such settings, includ...

    Authors: Lisa M. Puchalski Ritchie, Monique van Lettow, Austine Makwakwa, Adrienne K. Chan, Jemila S. Hamid, Harry Kawonga, Alexandra L. C. Martiniuk, Michael J. Schull, Vanessa van Schoor, Merrick Zwarenstein, Jan Barnsley and Sharon E. Straus
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:439
  2. Cluster randomised trials (CRTs) are commonly analysed using mixed-effects models or generalised estimating equations (GEEs). However, these analyses do not always perform well with the small number of cluster...

    Authors: Brennan C. Kahan, Gordon Forbes, Yunus Ali, Vipul Jairath, Stephen Bremner, Michael O. Harhay, Richard Hooper, Neil Wright, Sandra M. Eldridge and Clémence Leyrat
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:438
  3. Cardiovascular disease has become a major health problem, and it has been associated with both environmental and genetic factors. Studies have shown that the Mediterranean Diet (MeDiet), or its components such...

    Authors: Vera Lucia Portal, Melissa Medeiros Markoski, Alexandre Schaan de Quadros, Sílvia Garofallo, Julia Lorenzon dos Santos, Aline Oliveira, Camila Wechenfelder, Viviane Paiva de Campos, Priscilla Azambuja Lopes de Souza, Luana Machado and Aline Marcadenti
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:437
  4. Hypertension is the premier modifiable risk factor for recurrent stroke. In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) where the stroke burden is escalating, little is known about the role of behavioral interventions in enhanci...

    Authors: Fred Stephen Sarfo, Frank Treiber, Carolyn Jenkins, Sachin Patel, Mulugeta Gebregziabher, Arti Singh, Osei Sarfo-Kantanka, Raelle Saulson, Lambert Appiah, Eunice Oparebea and Bruce Ovbiagele
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:436
  5. Balance problems are caused by multiple factors and often lead to falls and related fractures, bringing large socio-economic costs. The complexity of balance control mechanisms, the lack of medical expertise, ...

    Authors: Laura Rammazzo, Dimitris Kikidis, Amal Anwer, Nora Macdonald, Efthymios Kyrodimos, Christoph Maurer, Floris Wuyts, Linda Luxon, Athanasios Bibas and Doris-Eva Bamiou
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:435
  6. Practice facilitation (PF), a multifaceted approach in which facilitators (external health care professionals) help family physicians to improve their adoption of best practices, has been highly successful. Im...

    Authors: Catherine Deri Armstrong, Monica Taljaard, William Hogg, Amy E. Mark and Clare Liddy
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:434
  7. The effects of exercise training on Chagas heart disease are still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise training over functional capacity, cardiac function, quality of life, and biomark...

    Authors: Fernanda de Souza Nogueira Sardinha Mendes, Andréa Silvestre Sousa, Fernando Cesar de Castro Cesar Souza, Vivian Liane Mattos Pinto, Paula Simplicio Silva, Roberto Magalhães Saraiva, Sergio Salles Xavier, Henrique Horta Veloso, Marcelo Teixeira Holanda, Andréa Rodrigues Costa, Fernanda Martins Carneiro, Gilberto Marcelo Sperandio Silva, Juliana Pereira Borges, Eduardo Tibirica, Roberta Olmo Pinheiro, Flávio Alves Lara…
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:433
  8. A comfortable postoperative return to daily activities has increased the need to control inflammation after third molar surgery. Anti-inflammatory drugs and analgesics are not exempt from adverse effects such ...

    Authors: Hélio Sampaio-Filho, Juliane Sotto-Ramos, Erika Horácio Pinto, Marcia Regina Cabral, Priscila Larcher Longo, Isabel Peixoto Tortamano, Rodrigo Labat Marcos, Daniela Fátima Teixeira Silva, Christine Pavani and Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:432
  9. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) often fail to recruit sufficient participants, despite altruism being cited as their motivation. Previous investigations of factors influencing participation decisions have ...

    Authors: Natalie Bidad, Lindsay MacDonald, Zoë E. Winters, Sarah J. L. Edwards, Marie Emson, Clare L. Griffin, Judith Bliss and Rob Horne
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:431
  10. Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting millions of individuals worldwide. Diagnosis is based on signs and symptoms with management and treatment aimed to suppress inflammatory lesions, erythema, ...

    Authors: Sanjana Iyengar, Paula R. Williamson, Jochen Schmitt, Lena Johannsen, Ian A. Maher, Joseph F. Sobanko, Todd V. Cartee, Daniel Schlessinger, Emily Poon and Murad Alam
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:429
  11. In the last few decades, the number of trials using Bayesian methods has grown rapidly. Publications prior to 1990 included only three clinical trials that used Bayesian methods, but that number quickly jumped...

    Authors: Alexandra R. Brown, Byron J. Gajewski, Lauren S. Aaronson, Dinesh Pal Mudaranthakam, Suzanne L. Hunt, Scott M. Berry, Melanie Quintana, Mamatha Pasnoor, Mazen M. Dimachkie, Omar Jawdat, Laura Herbelin and Richard J. Barohn
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:428
  12. Major depressive disorder has been shown to affect many domains of family life including family functioning. Conversely, the influence of the family on the course of the depression, including the risk of relap...

    Authors: Nina Timmerby, Stephen F. Austin, Kristian Ussing, Per Bech and Claudio Csillag
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:427
  13. The limited representativeness of trial samples may restrict external validity. The aim of this study was to ascertain the representativeness of the population enrolled in the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives...

    Authors: Barnabas Bessing, Linda Bauld, Lesley Sinclair, Daniel F. Mackay, William Spence and David M. Tappin
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:426
  14. Walking in everyday life requires the ability to adapt walking to the environment. This adaptability is often impaired after stroke, and this might contribute to the increased fall risk after stroke. To improv...

    Authors: Celine Timmermans, Melvyn Roerdink, Marielle W. van Ooijen, Carel G. Meskers, Thomas W. Janssen and Peter J. Beek
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:425
  15. Diabetes is highly prevalent and contributes to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Behaviour change interventions that target health and lifestyle factors associated with the onset of diabetes can ...

    Authors: Peter A. Coventry, Peter Bower, Amy Blakemore, Liz Baker, Mark Hann, Angela Paisley, Charlotte Renwick, Jinshuo Li, Atushi Ugajin and Martin Gibson
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:424
  16. The massive scale-up of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) has led to a substantial increase in malaria vector insecticide resistance as well as in increased outdoor transmissio...

    Authors: Guofa Zhou, Virginia Wiseman, Harrysone E. Atieli, Ming-Chieh Lee, Andrew K. Githeko and Guiyun Yan
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:423
  17. Atrial fibrillation (AF) is known to be associated with several pathophysiological mechanisms including endothelial dysfunction of the heart and arterial vessels. Recent evidence suggests that new oral anticoa...

    Authors: Jin-Bae Kim, Hyun Jun Joung, Jung Myung Lee, Jong Shin Woo, Woo-shik Kim, Kwon Sam Kim, Kyung Hye Lee and Weon Kim
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:422
  18. Endovenous thermal techniques, such as endovenous laser ablation (EVLA), are the recommended treatment for truncal varicose veins. However, a disadvantage of thermal techniques is that it requires the administ...

    Authors: Clement C. M. Leung, Daniel Carradice, Tom Wallace and Ian C. Chetter
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:421
  19. Authors: Yaseen M. Arabi, Sami Alsolamy, Abdulaziz Al-Dawood, Awad Al-Omari, Fahad Al-Hameed, Karen E. A. Burns, Mohammed Almaani, Hani Lababidi, Ali Al Bshabshe, Sangeeta Mehta, Abdulsalam M. Al-Aithan, Yasser Mandourah, Ghaleb Almekhlafi, Simon Finfer, Sheryl Ann I. Abdukahil, Lara Y. Afesh…
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:420

    The original article was published in Trials 2016 17:390

  20. We explored the views of key stakeholders to identify the ethical challenges of pragmatic trials investigating pharmaceutical drugs. A secondary aim was to capture stakeholders’ attitudes towards the implement...

    Authors: Shona Kalkman, Ghislaine J. M. W. van Thiel, Diederick E. Grobbee, Anna-Katharina Meinecke, Mira G. P. Zuidgeest and Johannes J. M. van Delden
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:419
  21. Many herbal medicines are traditionally used as anti-fatigue agents in east Asian countries; however, there is a dearth of clinical evidence supporting the anti-fatigue effects of such medicines and their mech...

    Authors: Mi Ju Son, Hwi-Jin Im, Young-Eun Kim, Boncho Ku, Jun-Hwan Lee and Chang-Gue Son
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:418
  22. Lifestyle modification is widely recommended to kidney allograft recipients post transplantation due to the cardiometabolic risks associated with immunosuppression including new-onset diabetes, weight gain and...

    Authors: Joanne Wilcox, Chantelle Waite, Lyndsey Tomlinson, Joanne Driscoll, Asra Karim, Edward Day and Adnan Sharif
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:417
  23. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of disability in developed nations. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a clinically effective treatment for people with end-stage knee OA, and represents one of the highest...

    Authors: Michelle M. Dowsey, Anthony Scott, Elizabeth A. Nelson, Jinhu Li, Vijaya Sundararajan, Mandana Nikpour and Peter F. M. Choong
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:416
  24. Alcohol is the leading psychoactive substance consumed in France, with about 15 million regular consumers. The National institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) considers alcohol abuse to be more than...

    Authors: Mickael Vourc’h, Fanny Feuillet, Pierre-Joachim Mahe, Véronique Sebille and Karim Asehnoune
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:415
  25. Although beneficial in clinical practice, the INtubate-SURfactant-Extubate (IN-SUR-E) method is not successful in all preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome, with a reported failure rate ranging f...

    Authors: Giovanni Vento, Roberta Pastorino, Luca Boni, Francesco Cota, Virgilio Carnielli, Filip Cools, Carlo Dani, Fabio Mosca, Jane Pillow, Graeme Polglase, Paolo Tagliabue, Anton H. van Kaam, Maria Luisa Ventura, Milena Tana, Chiara Tirone, Claudia Aurilia…
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:414
  26. Participation in aerobic exercise generates increased cardiorespiratory fitness, which results in a protective factor for cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. High-intensity interval training might ...

    Authors: Víctor Hugo Arboleda Serna, Elkin Fernando Arango Vélez, Rubén Darío Gómez Arias and Yuri Feito
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:413
  27. The risk of cardiovascular events remains high in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) after successful percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Panax quinquefolius saponin, a major component of Xinyue cap...

    Authors: Ming Guo, Ming-jie Zi, Rui-xi Xi, Qiao-ning Yang, Rui-na Bai, Yi-sheng Zhang, Yu-hua Wang, Pei-li Wang and Da-zhuo Shi
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:412
  28. Metacarpal fractures are common, accounting for 40 % of all hand injuries. The use of plates for the fixation of these fractures allows early aggressive hand therapy post-operatively, reducing post-operative s...

    Authors: Feiran Wu, Katie Young, Mohammad Shahid, Peter Nightingale, Surabhi Choudhary, Michael Craigen, Rajive Jose and Mark Foster
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:411
  29. Fatigue is a common symptom in stroke survivors for which there is currently no proven therapy. Modafinil is a wakefulness-promoting agent with established benefits in other disease models. We aim to test if m...

    Authors: Thomas Lillicrap, Venkatesh Krishnamurthy, John Attia, Michael Nilsson, Christopher R. Levi, Mark W. Parsons and Andrew Bivard
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:410
  30. Methods for developing a core outcome or information set require involvement of key stakeholders to prioritise many items and achieve agreement as to the core set. The Delphi technique requires participants to...

    Authors: Sara T. Brookes, Rhiannon C. Macefield, Paula R. Williamson, Angus G. McNair, Shelley Potter, Natalie S. Blencowe, Sean Strong and Jane M. Blazeby
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:409
  31. Miscarriage is a common complication of pregnancy occurring in 15–20 % of all clinically recognized pregnancies. Currently, there is still no good scientific evidence to support the routine use of progestogens...

    Authors: Diana Man Ka Chan, Ka Wang Cheung, Sofie Shuk Fei Yung, Vivian Chi Yan Lee, Raymond Hang Wun Li and Ernest Hung Yu Ng
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:408
  32. Although various pancreaticojejunal duct-to-mucosa anastomosis methods have been developed to reduce the postoperative risks of pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatic fistula remains the most serious complication...

    Authors: Shu-bo Pan, Wei Geng, Da-chen Zhou, Jiang-ming Chen, Hong-chuan Zhao, Fu-bao Liu, Sheng-xue Xie, Hui Hou, Yi-jun Zhao, Kun Xie, Guo-bin Wang and Xiao-ping Geng
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:407
  33. Comparative effectiveness research compares two active forms of treatment or usual care in comparison with usual care with an additional intervention element. These types of study are commonly conducted follow...

    Authors: Cylie M. Williams, Elizabeth H. Skinner, Alicia M. James, Jill L. Cook, Steven M. McPhail and Terry P. Haines
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:406
  34. The aim of the proposed study is to perform a comparative analysis of functional training effects for the paretic upper limb with and without transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cort...

    Authors: Renata Calhes Franco Moura, Cibele Almeida Santos, Luanda André Collange Grecco, Roberta Delasta Lazzari, Arislander Jonathan Lopes Dumont, Natalia Carvalho de Almeida Duarte, Luiz Alfredo Braun, Jamile Benite Palma Lopes, Ligia Abram dos Santos, Eliane Lopes Souza Rodrigues, Giorgio Albertini, Veronica Cimolin, Manuela Galli and Claudia Santos Oliveira
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:405
  35. Current concepts in conservative dentistry advocate minimally invasive dentistry and pulp vitality preservation. Moreover, complete removal of carious dentin in deep carious lesions often leads to pulp exposur...

    Authors: Cyril Villat, Jean-Pierre Attal, Nathalie Brulat, Franck Decup, Sophie Doméjean, Elisabeth Dursun, Hélène Fron-Chabouis, Bruno Jacquot, Michèle Muller Bolla, Nelly Plasse-Pradelle, Laurent Roche, Delphine Maucort-Boulch, Patrice Nony, Kerstin Gritsch, Pierre Millet, François Gueyffier…
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:404
  36. Prolonged need for intensive care is associated with neuromuscular weakness, termed Intensive Care Unit Acquired Weakness. Those affected suffer from severe functional impairment that can persist for years. Fi...

    Authors: Sabrina Eggmann, Martin L. Verra, Gere Luder, Jukka Takala and Stephan M. Jakob
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:403
  37. Clustered randomised controlled trials (CRCTs) are increasingly common in primary care. Outcomes within the same cluster tend to be correlated with one another. In sample size calculations, estimates of the in...

    Authors: James Martin, Alan Girling, Krishnarajah Nirantharakumar, Ronan Ryan, Tom Marshall and Karla Hemming
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:402
  38. Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD), requiring dialysis or kidney transplantation, have a mortality rate of up to 30-fold higher than the general aged-matched population, and severely impaired quality o...

    Authors: Allison Tong, Susan Samuel, Michael Zappitelli, Allison Dart, Susan Furth, Allison Eddy, Jaap Groothoff, Nicholas J. A. Webb, Hui-Kim Yap, Detlef Bockenhauer, Aditi Sinha, Stephen I. Alexander, Stuart L. Goldstein, Debbie S. Gipson, Camilla S. Hanson, Nicole Evangelidis…
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:401
  39. The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, prostate cancer prevention study funded by the National Cancer Institute and conducted by SWOG (S...

    Authors: Phyllis J. Goodman, Catherine M. Tangen, Amy K. Darke, Kathryn B. Arnold, JoAnn Hartline, Monica Yee, Karen Anderson, Allison Caban-Holt, William G. Christen, Patricia A. Cassano, Peter Lance, Eric A. Klein, John J. Crowley, Lori M. Minasian and Frank L. Meyskens
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:400
  40. Delirium is a very common and distressing neuropsychiatric syndrome in palliative care. Increasing age, the presence of dementia and advanced cancer are well-known predisposing risk factors for delirium develo...

    Authors: Shirley Harvey Bush, Nathalie Lacaze-Masmonteil, Marie Theresa McNamara-Kilian, Alistair Richard MacDonald, Sallyanne Tierney, Franco Momoli, Meera Agar, David Christopher Currow and Peter Gerard Lawlor
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:399
  41. Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder affecting about 1 in 6000 people and is characterised by the development of tumours in many organs, including the skin and kidneys, and by a range of neur...

    Authors: Elizabeth Randell, Rachel McNamara, D. Mark Davies, Eleri Owen-Jones, Nigel Kirby, Lianna Angel, Cheney Drew, Rebecca Cannings-John, Michelle Smalley, Anurag Saxena, Emer McDermott, Laura Stockwell, Petrus J. de Vries, Kerry Hood and Julian R. Sampson
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:398
  42. Aging is associated with decreased muscle mass and functional capacity, which in turn decrease quality of life. The number of citizens over the age of 65 years in the Western world will increase by 50 % over t...

    Authors: Rasmus Leidesdorff Bechshøft, Søren Reitelseder, Grith Højfeldt, Josué Leonardo Castro-Mejía, Bekzod Khakimov, Hajar Fauzan Bin Ahmad, Michael Kjær, Søren Balling Engelsen, Susanne Margrete Bølling Johansen, Morten Arendt Rasmussen, Aske Juul Lassen, Tenna Jensen, Nina Beyer, Anja Serena, Frederico Jose Armando Perez-Cueto, Dennis Sandris Nielsen…
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:397
  43. Despite the growing popularity of mixed-methods studies and considerable emphasis on the potential value of qualitative research to the trial endeavour, there remains a dearth of published studies reporting on...

    Authors: Jill Russell, Lee Berney, Stephen Stansfeld, Doris Lanz, Sally Kerry, Tarani Chandola and Kamaldeep Bhui
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:396
  44. Some degree of cognitive decline after surgery occurs in as many as one quarter of elderly surgical patients, and this decline is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cognition may be affected ac...

    Authors: David R. Skvarc, Olivia M. Dean, Linda K. Byrne, Laura J. Gray, Kathryn Ives, Stephen E. Lane, Matthew Lewis, Cameron Osborne, Richard Page, Douglas Stupart, Alyna Turner, Michael Berk and Andrew J. Marriott
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:395
  45. The indications for a cochlear implant (CI) have been extended to include patients with some residual hearing. Shorter and thinner atraumatic electrodes have been designed to preserve the residual hearing in t...

    Authors: Verena Scheper, Melanie Leifholz, Heiko von der Leyen, Miriam Keller, Ute Denkena, Armin Koch, Annika Karch, Josef Miller and Thomas Lenarz
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:394
  46. Adolescence is a high-risk time for the development of mental health and substance use problems. However, fewer than one in four 16–24 year-olds with a current disorder access health services, with those exper...

    Authors: Dan I. Lubman, Bonita J. Berridge, Fiona Blee, Anthony F. Jorm, Coralie J. Wilson, Nicholas B. Allen, Lisa McKay-Brown, Jenny Proimos, Ali Cheetham and Rory Wolfe
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:393
  47. Vascular cognitive impairment, no dementia (VCIND) refers to cognitive deficits associated with underlying vascular causes that fall short of a dementia diagnosis. There is currently no treatment for VCIND. Co...

    Authors: Yi Tang, Zude Zhu, Qing Liu, Fang Li, Jianwei Yang, Fangyu Li, Yi Xing and Jianping Jia
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:392
  48. Warfarin is an oral anticoagulant medication that disrupts the liver’s production of clotting factors. While this medication is highly effective for the prevention of thromboembolic events, it also has a narro...

    Authors: Balraj S. Heran, G. Michael Allan, Lee Green, Christina Korownyk, Michael Kolber, Nicole Olivier, Mary Flesher and Scott Garrison
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:391
  49. Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disease that affects 1 in 3500–6000 male births. Despite broad research aiming to improve muscle function as well as heart and brain function, suffici...

    Authors: Patricia Hafner, Ulrike Bonati, Daniela Rubino, Vanya Gocheva, Thomas Zumbrunn, Nuri Gueven and Dirk Fischer
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:389
  50. Globally, burns are the fifth leading cause of non-fatal children’s injuries, and the leading cause of childhood burns is hot beverage scalds. Although there have been a number of programmes aimed at preventin...

    Authors: J. D. Burgess, C. M. Cameron, K. Watt and R. M. Kimble
    Citation: Trials 2016 17:388

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