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  1. Whiplash injuries are an important public health problem that is associated with significant disability and high health care utilization. Recent cohort studies suggest that physician care may be the most effec...

    Authors: Pierre Côté, J David Cassidy, Simon Carette, Eleanor Boyle, Heather M Shearer, Maja Stupar, Carlo Ammendolia, Gabrielle van der Velde, Jill A Hayden, Xiaoqing Yang, Maurits van Tulder and John W Frank
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:75
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  2. Adhesive small intestine occlusion [ASIO] is an important cause of hospital admission placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Often times, ASIO is associated with significant morbidity an...

    Authors: Fausto Catena, Luca Ansaloni, Augusto Lauro, Giorgio Ercolani, Luigi D'Alessandro and Antonio Pinna
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:74
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  3. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is common and can lead to tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy or chronic pelvic pain. Despite major UK government investment in the National Chlamydia Screening Progra...

    Authors: Pippa Oakeshott, Sally Kerry, Helen Atherton, Adamma Aghaizu, Sima Hay, David Taylor-Robinson, Ian Simms and Phillip Hay
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:73
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  4. Experimental studies have shown that ultrasound contrast agents enhance the effectiveness of thrombolytic agents in the presence of ultrasound in vitro and in vivo. Recently, we have launched a clinical pilot stu...

    Authors: Jeroen Slikkerveer, Pieter A Dijkmans, Gertjan T Sieswerda, Pieter AFM Doevendans, Arie PJ van Dijk, Freek WA Verheugt, Thomas R Porter and Otto Kamp
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:72
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  5. Previous research has shown the oxidizing properties and microbiological efficacies of chlorine dioxide (ClO2), however, its clinical efficacies on oral malodor have been evaluated only with organoleptic measurem...

    Authors: Kayoko Shinada, Masayuki Ueno, Chisato Konishi, Sachiko Takehara, Sayaka Yokoyama and Yoko Kawaguchi
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:71
    Content type: Research Published on:

  6. Hot flushes are the most frequent climacteric symptom and a major cause of suffering among menopausal women. The condition negatively influences many aspects of women's lives. To date, conventional hormone rep...

    Authors: Kun-Hyung Kim, Kyung-Won Kang, Hee-Jung Jung, Ji-Eun Park, So-Young Jung, Jun-Yong Choi and Sun-Mi Choi
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:70
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  7. Standards for reporting clinical trials have improved the transparency of patient-important research. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) published an extension to address noninferiority a...

    Authors: Oghenowede Eyawo, Chia-Wen Lee, Beth Rachlis and Edward J Mills
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:69
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  8. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of patients with implanted cardiac devices is currently considered hazardous due to potential for electromagnetic interference to the patient and pacemaker system. With approxi...

    Authors: Richard Sutton, Emanuel Kanal, Bruce L Wilkoff, David Bello, Roger Luechinger, Inge Jenniskens, Michael Hull and Torsten Sommer
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:68
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  9. Panic disorder (PD) is a common, severe and persistent mental disorder, associated with a high degree of distress and occupational and social disability. A substantial proportion of the population experiences ...

    Authors: Peter Meulenbeek, Godelief Willemse, Filip Smit, Anton van Balkom, Philip Spinhoven and Pim Cuijpers
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:67
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  11. Twenty to 30 percent of all transient ischaemic attacks and ischaemic strokes involve tissue supplied by the vertebrobasilar circulation. Atherosclerotic stenosis ≥ 50% in the vertebral artery accounts for ver...

    Authors: A Compter, HB van der Worp, WJ Schonewille, JA Vos, A Algra, TH Lo, WPThM Mali, FL Moll and LJ Kappelle
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:65
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  12. There is wide recognition that pragmatic randomised trials are the best vehicle for economic evaluation. This is because trials provide the best chance of ensuring internal validity, not least through the rigo...

    Authors: Rhiannon T Edwards, Barry Hounsome, Pat Linck and Ian T Russell
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:64
    Content type: Letter Published on:

  13. TB and HIV form a deadly synergy in much of the developing world, especially Africa. Interventions to reduce the impact of these diseases at community level are urgently needed. This paper presents the design ...

    Authors: Helen M Ayles, Charalambos Sismanidis, Nulda Beyers, Richard J Hayes and Peter Godfrey-Faussett
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:63
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  14. Osteoporosis-related fractures are a significant public health concern. Interventions that increase detection and treatment of osteoporosis, as well as prevention of fractures and falls, are substantially unde...

    Authors: PM Ciaschini, SE Straus, LR Dolovich, RA Goeree, KM Leung, CR Woods, GM Zimmerman, SR Majumdar, S Spadafora, LA Fera and HN Lee
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:62
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  15. A full-thickness macular hole (FTMH) is a common retinal condition associated with impaired vision. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated that surgery, by means of pars plana vitrectomy and pos...

    Authors: Noemi Lois, Jennifer Burr, John Norrie, Luke Vale, Jonathan Cook and Alison McDonald
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:61
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  16. Totally Implantable Access Ports (TIAP) are being extensively used world-wide and can be expected to gain further importance with the introduction of new neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments in oncology. Two di...

    Authors: Philip Knebel, Lars Fischer, Eva Cremonese, Ruben Lopez-Benitez, Ulrike Stampfl, Boris Radeleff, Hans-Ulrich Kauczor, Markus W Büchler and Christoph M Seiler
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:60
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  17. Following a stroke, 55–75% of patients experience upper limb problems in the longer term. Upper limb spasticity may cause pain, deformity and reduced function, affecting mood and independence. Botulinum toxin ...

    Authors: Helen Rodgers, Lisa Shaw, Christopher Price, Frederike van Wijck, Michael Barnes, Laura Graham, Gary Ford, Phil Shackley and Nick Steen
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:59
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  18. A high perioperative inspiratory oxygen fraction may reduce the risk of surgical site infections, as bacterial eradication by neutrophils depends on wound oxygen tension. Two trials have shown that a high peri...

    Authors: Christian S Meyhoff, Jørn Wetterslev, Lars N Jorgensen, Steen W Henneberg, Inger Simonsen, Therese Pulawska, Line R Walker, Nina Skovgaard, Kim Heltø, Peter Gocht-Jensen, Palle S Carlsson, Henrik Rask, Sharaf Karim, Charlotte G Carlsen, Frank S Jensen and Lars S Rasmussen
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:58
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  19. The effectiveness of using acupuncture to treat migraine is rarely and even suspectedly reported in the literature. In this article, we report the design and the protocol of a randomized controlled large-scale...

    Authors: Ying Li, Fanrong Liang, Shuguang Yu, Xuguang Liu, Yong Tang, Xuguang Yang, Xiaoping Tian, Jie Yan, Guojie Sun, Xiaorong Chang, Hui Zheng, Hongxing Zhang and Tingting Ma
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:57
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  20. The management of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) has been transformed by the introduction of agents delivered by intravitreal injection which block the action of vascular endothelial growt...

    Authors: Praveen J Patel, Catey Bunce and Adnan Tufail
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:56
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  21. Renal failure is a frequent complication of multiple myeloma and when severe is associated with a greatly increased morbidity and mortality. The principal cause of severe renal failure is cast nephropathy, a d...

    Authors: Colin A Hutchison, Mark Cook, Nils Heyne, Katja Weisel, Lucinda Billingham, Arthur Bradwell and Paul Cockwell
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:55
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  24. The MASS III Trial is a large project from a single institution, The Heart Institute of the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil (InCor), enrolling patients with coronary artery disease and preserved ventricular fu...

    Authors: Whady Hueb, Neuza H M Lopes, Bernard J Gersh, Cláudio C Castro, Felipe S Paulitsch, Sergio A Oliveira, Luis A Dallan, Alexandre C Hueb, Noedir A Stolf and José A F Ramires
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:52
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  25. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are perceived as the gold-standard method for evaluating healthcare interventions, and increasingly include quality of life (QoL) measures. The observed results are suscepti...

    Authors: Shona Fielding, Graeme Maclennan, Jonathan A Cook and Craig R Ramsay
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:51
    Content type: Research Published on:

  26. Point of care testing (PoCT) may be a useful adjunct in the management of chronic conditions in general practice (GP). The provision of pathology test results at the time of the consultation could lead to enha...

    Authors: Caroline Laurence, Angela Gialamas, Lisa Yelland, Tanya Bubner, Philip Ryan, Kristyn Willson, Briony Glastonbury, Janice Gill, Mark Shephard and Justin Beilby
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:50
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  27. Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common disease associated with a considerably increased risk of future cardiovascular events and most of these patients will die from coronary artery disease (CAD). Scree...

    Authors: Alexander M de Vos, Annemarieke Rutten, Hester J van de Zaag-Loonen, Michiel L Bots, Riksta Dikkers, Robert A Buiskool, Willem P Mali, Daniel D Lubbers, Arend Mosterd, Mathias Prokop, Benno J Rensing, Maarten J Cramer, H Wouter van Es, Frans L Moll, Eric D van de Pavoordt, Pieter A Doevendans…
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:49
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  28. Depression frequently occurs in the elderly. Its cause is largely unknown, but several studies point to disturbances of biological rhythmicity. In both normal aging, and depression, the functioning of the supr...

    Authors: Ritsaert Lieverse, Marjan M A Nielen, Dick J Veltman, Bernard M J Uitdehaag, Eus J W van Someren, Jan H Smit and Witte J G Hoogendijk
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:48
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  30. Although interim analysis approaches in clinical trials are widely known, information on current practice of planned monitoring is still scarce. Reports of studies rarely include details on the strategies for ...

    Authors: Irene Floriani, Nicole Rotmensz, Elena Albertazzi, Valter Torri, Marisa De Rosa, Carlo Tomino and Fillipo de Braud
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:46
    Content type: Research Published on:

  31. During clinical trials in emergency medicine, providing appropriate oral and written information to a patient is usually a challenge. There is little published information regarding patients' opinions and comp...

    Authors: Piotr Iwanowski, Andrzej Budaj, Anna Członkowska, Wojciech Wąsek, Beata Kozłowska-Boszko, Urszula Olędzka and Wojciech Masełbas
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  32. Off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting has been accused of possibly compromising graft patency. Sixteen slice computed tomography has shown good diagnostic accuracy in the assessment of coronary bypass graft...

    Authors: Miguel Sousa Uva, Fernando Matias, Sara Cavaco and Manuel Pedro Magalhães
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:44
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  33. The management of patients with unruptured aneurysms remains controversial. Patients with unruptured aneurysms may suffer intracranial haemorrhage, but the incidence of this event is still debated; endovascula...

    Authors: Jean Raymond, Andrew J Molyneux, Allan J Fox, S Claiborne Johnston, Jean-Paul Collet and Isabelle Rouleau
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:43
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  34. A number of studies indicate a link between cannabis-use and psychosis as well as more severe psychosis in those with existing psychotic disorders. There is currently insufficient evidence to decide the optima...

    Authors: Carsten Hjorthøj, Allan Fohlmann, Anne-Mette Larsen, Mette TR Madsen, Lone Vesterager, Christian Gluud, Mikkel C Arendt and Merete Nordentoft
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:42
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  35. Myocardial infarction remains as a major cause of mortality worldwide and a high rate of survivors develop heart failure as a sequel, resulting in a high morbidity and elevated expenditures for health system r...

    Authors: Hans F R Dohmann, Suzana A Silva, André L S Sousa, Alcione M S Braga, Rodrigo V C Branco, Andréa F Haddad, Mônica A Oliveira, Rodrigo C Moreira, Fabio A A Tuche, Cíntia M Peixoto, Bernardo R Tura, Radovan Borojevic, Jorge P Ribeiro, José C Nicolau, Antonio C Nóbrega and Antonio C C Carvalho
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:41
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  36. Patients with refractory angina have significant morbidity. This study aimed to compare two of the treatment options, Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) and Percutaneous Myocardial Laser Revascularisation (PMR) in ...

    Authors: M T Dyer, K A Goldsmith, S N Khan, L D Sharples, C Freeman, I Hardy, M J Buxton and P M Schofield
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:40
    Content type: Research Published on:

  37. In spite of numerous guidelines for evidence based diagnostic and therapy adequate knowledge of current recommendations is disappointingly low. In the Hypertension Evaluation Project (HEP I) we showed that awa...

    Authors: Jens Hagemeister, Christian A Schneider, Holger Diedrichs, Diana Mebus, Holger Pfaff, Gernot Wassmer and Hans W Höpp
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:39
    Content type: Research Published on:

  38. Due to its rising prevalence type 2 diabetes plays an important role concerning population health in Austria and other western countries. In various studies deficiencies in the care of diabetic patients have b...

    Authors: Andreas C Sönnichsen, Andreas Rinnerberger, Maria G Url, Henrike Winkler, Peter Kowatsch, Gert Klima, Bernhard Fürthauer and Raimund Weitgasser
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:38
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  39. Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) is approved for use in selected patients with ischaemic stroke within 3 hours of symptom onset. IST-3 seeks to determine whether a wider range of pa...

    Authors: Peter Sandercock, Richard Lindley, Joanna Wardlaw, Martin Dennis, Steff Lewis, Graham Venables, Adam Kobayashi, Anna Czlonkowska, Eivind Berge, Karsten Bruins Slot, Veronica Murray, Andre Peeters, Graeme Hankey, Karl Matz, Michael Brainin, Stefano Ricci…
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:37
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  40. In-hospital cardiac arrest has a poor prognosis despite active electrocardiography monitoring. The initial rhythm of approximately 25% of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events is pulseless ven...

    Authors: Bakhtiar Ali, Heather Bloom, Emir Veledar, Dorothy House, Robert Norvel, Samuel C Dudley and A Maziar Zafari
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:36
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  41. During the last decades, many basic and clinical research have pointed to the role of B vitamins (folate, vitamins B6 and B12) and n-3 fatty acids as nutritional factors that might have a protective effect on ...

    Authors: Pilar Galan, Serge Briancon, Jacque Blacher, Sébastien Czernichow and Serge Hercberg
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:35
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  42. Budesonide has a long history as intranasal drug, with many marketed products. Efforts should be made to demonstrate the therapeutic equivalence and safety comparability between them. Given that systemic avail...

    Authors: Jaime Algorta, Maria Angeles Pena, Silvia Francisco, Zurine Abajo and Emilio Sanz
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:34
    Content type: Research Published on:

  43. Mosquito-proofing homes was one of the principal methods of environmental management in the early 1900s. House screening provides protection against malaria by reducing exposure to malaria parasites and has th...

    Authors: Matthew J Kirby, Paul J Milligan, David J Conway and Steve W Lindsay
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:33
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  44. Postmenopausal women are prone to develop functional disabilities as a result of reduction in muscle strength and muscle mass caused by diminished levels of female sex hormones. While hormone replacement thera...

    Authors: Didy E Jacobsen, Monique M Samson, Yvonne T van der Schouw, Diederick E Grobbee and Harald J J Verhaar
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:32
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  47. The most effective pharmacological treatments for depression inhibit the transporters that reuptake serotonin (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors – SSRIs) and noradrenaline (Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibit...

    Authors: Laura Thomas, Jean Mulligan, Victoria Mason, Debbie Tallon, Nicola Wiles, Philip Cowen, David Nutt, Michael O'Donovan, Deborah Sharp, Tim Peters and Glyn Lewis
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:29
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  48. Patients who have severe narrowing at or near the origin of the internal carotid artery as a result of atherosclerosis have a high risk of ischaemic stroke ipsilateral to the arterial lesion. Previous trials h...

    Authors: Michael J Gough, Andrew Bodenham, Michael Horrocks, Bridget Colam, Steff C Lewis, Peter M Rothwell, Adrian P Banning, David Torgerson, Moira Gough, Demosthenes Dellagrammaticas, Anne Leigh-Brown, Christos Liapis and Charles Warlow
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:28
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:
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