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  2. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) constitute to be a high-risk population for the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), in which the incidence of CIN is estimat...

    Authors: Manouchehr Amini, Mojtaba Salarifar, Alireza Amirbaigloo, Farzad Masoudkabir and Fatemeh Esfahani
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:45
    Content type: Research Published on:

  3. Sending a monetary incentive with postal questionnaires has been found to improve the proportion of responders, in research in non-healthcare settings. However, there is little research on use of incentives to...

    Authors: Simon Gates, Mark A Williams, Emma Withers, Esther Williamson, Shahrul Mt-Isa and Sarah E Lamb
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:44
    Content type: Research Published on:

  4. Some patients will experience more or less benefit from treatment than the averages reported from clinical trials; such variation in therapeutic outcome is termed heterogeneity of treatment effects (HTE). Iden...

    Authors: Nicole B Gabler, Naihua Duan, Diana Liao, Joann G Elmore, Theodore G Ganiats and Richard L Kravitz
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:43
    Content type: Research Published on:

  5. Heart failure patients with implantable defibrillators (ICD) frequently visit the clinic for routine device monitoring. Moreover, in the case of clinical events, such as ICD shocks or alert notifications for c...

    Authors: Maurizio Marzegalli, Maurizio Landolina, Maurizio Lunati, Giovanni B Perego, Alessia Pappone, Giuseppe Guenzati, Carlo Campana, Maria Frigerio, Gianfranco Parati, Antonio Curnis, Irene Colangelo and Sergio Valsecchi
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:42
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  6. Highly active antiretroviral therapy produces a significant decrease in HIV-1 replication and allows an increase in the CD4 T-cell count, leading to a decrease in the incidence of opportunistic infections and ...

    Authors: Carlos J Montoya, Fabian Jaimes, Edwin A Higuita, Sandra Convers-Páez, Santiago Estrada, Francisco Gutierrez, Pedro Amariles, Newar Giraldo, Cristina Peñaloza and Maria T Rugeles
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:41
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  7. Incomplete ascertainment of outcomes in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) is likely to bias final study results if reasons for unavailability of patient data are associated with the outcome of interest. The ...

    Authors: Elie A Akl, Matthias Briel, John J You, Francois Lamontagne, Azim Gangji, Tali Cukierman-Yaffe, Mohamad Alshurafa, Xin Sun, Kara A Nerenberg, Bradley C Johnston, Claudio Vera, Edward J Mills, Dirk Bassler, Arturo Salazar, Neera Bhatnagar, Jason W Busse…
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:40
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  8. The multi-arm multi-stage (MAMS) trial is a new paradigm for conducting randomised controlled trials that allows the simultaneous assessment of a number of research treatments against a single control arm. MAM...

    Authors: Matthew R Sydes, Mahesh KB Parmar, Nicholas D James, Noel W Clarke, David P Dearnaley, Malcolm D Mason, Rachel C Morgan, Karen Sanders and Patrick Royston
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:39
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  9. Aceltylcysteine has been evaluated in several small trials as a means of reducing the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), however systematic reviews of these studies do not provide conclusive answers. ...

    Authors:
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:38
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  11. Vitamin D does not only regulate calcium homeostasis but also plays an important role as an immune modulator. It influences the immune system through the induction of immune shifts and regulatory cells resulti...

    Authors: Ursula Thiem, Georg Heinze, Rudolf Segel, Thomas Perkmann, Franz Kainberger, Ferdinand Mühlbacher, Walter Hörl and Kyra Borchhardt
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:36
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  12. Randomised controlled trials are the gold standard for evaluating mental health care interventions. We assessed the content and quality of trials published in Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica and Supplementum si...

    Authors: Hosam E Matar, Muhammad Q Almerie, Muhammad O Al Marhi and Clive E Adams
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:35
    Content type: Research Published on:

  13. In the developmental stage of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) it was considered 'unsafe' or 'technically difficult' to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis (AC). With increasing exper...

    Authors: Fausto Catena, Luca Ansaloni, Salomone Di Saverio, Filippo Gazzotti, Federico Coccolini and Antonio Daniele Pinna
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:34
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  14. A subgroup of clinical trial subjects identified by baseline characteristics is a proper subgroup while a subgroup determined by post randomization events or measures is an improper subgroup. Both types of sub...

    Authors: Karim F Hirji and Morten W Fagerland
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:33
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  15. The incidence of gallstones and gallbladder sludge is known to be higher in patients after gastrectomy than in general population. This higher incidence is probably related to surgical dissection of the vagus ...

    Authors: Marco Farsi, Marco Bernini, Lapo Bencini, Egidio Miranda, Roberto Manetti, Giovanni de Manzoni, Giuseppe Verlato, Daniele Marrelli, Corrado Pedrazzani, Francesco Roviello, Alberto Marchet, Luigi Cristadoro, Leonardo Gerard and Renato Moretti
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:32
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  16. One third to two thirds of people with schizophrenia have persistent psychotic symptoms despite clozapine treatment. Under real-world circumstances, the need to provide effective therapeutic interventions to p...

    Authors: Michela Nosè, Simone Accordini, Paola Artioli, Francesco Barale, Corrado Barbui, Rossella Beneduce, Domenico Berardi, Gerardo Bertolazzi, Bruno Biancosino, Alfredo Bisogno, Raffaella Bivi, Filippo Bogetto, Marianna Boso, Alberto Bozzani, Piera Bucolo, Marcello Casale…
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:31
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  17. Amlexanox has been developed as a 5 percent topical oral paste for the treatment of patients with recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) in most European countries. However, it is not yet available in China and h...

    Authors: Wenxia Meng, Yi Dong, Jie Liu, Zhi Wang, Xiaobo Zhong, Ruiyang Chen, Hongmei Zhou, Mei Lin, Lu Jiang, Feng Gao, Tao Xu, Qianming Chen and Xin Zeng
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:30
    Content type: Research Published on:

  19. Medication errors are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in primary care.

    Authors: Anthony J Avery, Sarah Rodgers, Judith A Cantrill, Sarah Armstrong, Rachel Elliott, Rachel Howard, Denise Kendrick, Caroline J Morris, Scott A Murray, Robin J Prescott, Kathrin Cresswell and Aziz Sheikh
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:28
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

    The Erratum to this article has been published in Trials 2010 11:23

  20. Although crossover trials enjoy wide use, standards for analysis and reporting have not been established. We reviewed methodological aspects and quality of reporting in a representative sample of published cro...

    Authors: Edward J Mills, An-Wen Chan, Ping Wu, Andy Vail, Gordon H Guyatt and Douglas G Altman
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:27
    Content type: Research Published on:

  21. Telephone quit lines are accessible to many smokers and are used to engage motivated smokers to make quit attempts. Smoking cessation counselling provided via telephone can either be reactive (i.e. primarily i...

    Authors: Tim Coleman, Andy McEwen, Linda Bauld, Janet Ferguson, Paula Lorgelly and Sarah Lewis
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:26
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  22. Many studies have already reported encouraging results in the prophylactic therapy of migraine by acupuncture, but there seems to be a lack of high quality randomized controlled trials from China. We design an...

    Authors: Yan Zhang, Linpeng Wang, Huilin Liu, Nan Li, Jingdao Li and Jinghong Yi
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:25
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  23. Fibromyalgia is a prevalent and disabling disorder characterized by widespread pain and other symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue or depression. Catastrophization is considered a key clinical symptom in fibromy...

    Authors: Javier García-Campayo, Antoni Serrano-Blanco, Baltasar Rodero, Rosa Magallón, Marta Alda, Eva Andrés, Juan V Luciano and Yolanda López del Hoyo
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:24
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  24. Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder leading to high morbidity and mortality as a result of both malnutrition and suicide. The seriousness of the disorder requires extensive knowledge of effective tre...

    Authors: Beate Wild, Hans-Christoph Friederich, Gaby Gross, Martin Teufel, Wolfgang Herzog, Katrin E Giel, Martina de Zwaan, Henning Schauenburg, Carmen Schade-Brittinger, Helmut Schäfer and Stephan Zipfel
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:23
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  25. Older adults who live in rural areas experience significant disparities in health status and access to mental health care. "Telepsychology," (also referred to as "telepsychiatry," or "telemental health") repre...

    Authors: Leonard E Egede, Christopher B Frueh, Lisa K Richardson, Ronald Acierno, Patrick D Mauldin, Rebecca G Knapp and Carl Lejuez
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:22
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  27. The prevalence of depression in patients with acute coronary syndrome, i.e. myocardial infarction and unstable angina, is higher than in the general population. The prevalence of anxiety is higher as well. Bot...

    Authors: Baiba Hedegaard Hansen, Jamal Abed Hanash, Alice Rasmussen, Jørgen Fischer Hansen and Morten Birket-Smith
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:20
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  28. Many studies have attempted to determine the "best" anaesthetic technique for neurosurgical procedures in patients without intracranial hypertension. So far, no study comparing intravenous (IA) with volatile-base...

    Authors: Giuseppe Citerio, Maria Grazia Franzosi, Roberto Latini, Serge Masson, Simona Barlera, Stefano Guzzetti and Antonio Pesenti
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:19
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  29. Depression Care for People with Cancer is a complex intervention delivered by specially trained cancer nurses, under the supervision of a psychiatrist. It is given as a supplement to the usual care for depressio...

    Authors: Jane Walker, Jim Cassidy and Michael Sharpe
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:18
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  31. Tourette Syndrome (TS) is a neurological condition presenting chronic motor and phonic tics, and important degree of comorbidity. Considered an uncommon illness, it first becomes apparent during childhood. Cur...

    Authors: Rafael Garcia-Lopez, Emilio Perea-Milla, Cesar Ruiz Garcia, Francisco Rivas-Ruiz, Julio Romero-Gonzalez, Jose L Moreno, Vicente Faus, Guadalupe del Castillo Aguas and Juan C Ramos Diaz
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:16
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  34. Hypertension affects 29% of the adult U.S. population and is a leading cause of heart disease, stroke, and kidney failure. Despite numerous effective treatments, only 53% of people with hypertension are at goa...

    Authors: Rowena J Dolor, William S Yancy Jr, William F Owen, David B Matchar, Gregory P Samsa, Kathryn I Pollak, Pao-Hwa Lin, Jamy D Ard, Maxwell Prempeh, Heather L McGuire, Bryan C Batch, William Fan and Laura P Svetkey
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:13
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  35. Metformin has had a 'black box' contraindication in diabetic patients with heart failure (HF), but many believe it to be the treatment of choice in this setting. Therefore, we attempted to conduct a pilot stud...

    Authors: Dean T Eurich, Ross T Tsuyuki, Sumit R Majumdar, Finlay A McAlister, Richard Lewanczuk, Marcelo C Shibata and Jeffrey A Johnson
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:12
    Content type: Research Published on:

  36. Non-pharmacological, non-surgical interventions are recommended as the first line of treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip and knee. There is evidence that exercise therapy is effective for reducing pai...

    Authors: J Haxby Abbott, M Clare Robertson, Joanne E McKenzie, G David Baxter, Jean-Claude Theis and A John Campbell
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:11
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  37. Almost 50% of Americans have elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). The behaviors required to lower LDL-C levels may be difficult to adhere to if they are inconsistent with spouses' health pract...

    Authors: Corrine I Voils, William S Yancy Jr, Stacey Kovac, Cynthia J Coffman, Morris Weinberger, Eugene Z Oddone, Amy Jeffreys, Santanu Datta and Hayden B Bosworth
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:10
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  39. Laparoscopy-assisted vaginal hysterectomy is one of the definite methods for the treatment of symptomatic uterine fibroids with lesser intraoperative bleeding and shorter hospitalization compared with abdomina...

    Authors: Hee Seung Kim, Jae Weon Kim, Mi-Kyung Kim, Hyun Hoon Chung, Taek Sang Lee, Yong-Tark Jeon, Yong Beom Kim, Hye Won Jeon, Young Ho Yun, Noh Hyun Park, Yong Sang Song and Soon-Beom Kang
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:8
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  40. Authors: Caroline Laurence, Angela Gialamas, Lisa Yelland, Tanya Bubner, Philip Ryan, Kristyn Willson, Briony Glastonbury, Janice Gill, Mark Shephard and Justin Beilby
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:7
    Content type: Erratum Published on:

    The original article was published in Trials 2008 9:50

  41. An abundance of literature is dedicated to research for the treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Most, is in the area of pharmacological therapies with less emphasis in psychotherapy a...

    Authors: Fay Karpouzis, Henry Pollard and Rod Bonello
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:6
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  42. The Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study (TLGS) is a long term integrated community-based program for prevention of non-communicable disorders (NCD) by development of a healthy lifestyle and reduction of NCD risk fa...

    Authors: Fereidoun Azizi, Arash Ghanbarian, Amir Abbas Momenan, Farzad Hadaegh, Parvin Mirmiran, Mehdi Hedayati, Yadollah Mehrabi and Saleh Zahedi-Asl
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:5
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  43. There is no recommendation to screen ferritin level in blood donors, even though several studies have noted the high prevalence of iron deficiency after blood donation, particularly among menstruating females....

    Authors: Baptiste Pedrazzini, Sophie Waldvogel, Jacques Cornuz, Paul Vaucher, Raphael Bize, Jean-Daniel Tissot, Alain Pecoud and Bernard Favrat
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:4
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  45. Flaws in research papers are common but it may require arduous detective work to unravel them. Checklists are helpful, but many inconsistencies will only be revealed through repeated cross-checks of every litt...

    Authors: Peter C Gøtzsche
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:2
    Content type: Commentary Published on:

  46. Assessing the quality of included trials is a central part of a systematic review. Many check-list type of instruments for doing this exist. Using a trial of antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media, Burke ...

    Authors: Karim F Hirji
    Citation: Trials 2009 10:1
    Content type: Methodology Published on:

  47. Whiplash injuries are an important public health problem that is associated with significant disability and high health care utilization. Recent cohort studies suggest that physician care may be the most effec...

    Authors: Pierre Côté, J David Cassidy, Simon Carette, Eleanor Boyle, Heather M Shearer, Maja Stupar, Carlo Ammendolia, Gabrielle van der Velde, Jill A Hayden, Xiaoqing Yang, Maurits van Tulder and John W Frank
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:75
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  48. Adhesive small intestine occlusion [ASIO] is an important cause of hospital admission placing a substantial burden on healthcare systems worldwide. Often times, ASIO is associated with significant morbidity an...

    Authors: Fausto Catena, Luca Ansaloni, Augusto Lauro, Giorgio Ercolani, Luigi D'Alessandro and Antonio Pinna
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:74
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  49. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is common and can lead to tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy or chronic pelvic pain. Despite major UK government investment in the National Chlamydia Screening Progra...

    Authors: Pippa Oakeshott, Sally Kerry, Helen Atherton, Adamma Aghaizu, Sima Hay, David Taylor-Robinson, Ian Simms and Phillip Hay
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:73
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:

  50. Experimental studies have shown that ultrasound contrast agents enhance the effectiveness of thrombolytic agents in the presence of ultrasound in vitro and in vivo. Recently, we have launched a clinical pilot stu...

    Authors: Jeroen Slikkerveer, Pieter A Dijkmans, Gertjan T Sieswerda, Pieter AFM Doevendans, Arie PJ van Dijk, Freek WA Verheugt, Thomas R Porter and Otto Kamp
    Citation: Trials 2008 9:72
    Content type: Study protocol Published on:
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ISSN: 1745-6215