Intervention | Ref | VAP incidence (per 1000 patients) | RR; 95% CI | n/N | Mortality incidence (per 1000 patients) | RR; 95% CI | n/N | Figure 1 symbol | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 |  | Control | Intervention |  |  | Control | Intervention |  |  |  |
Non-antimicrobial—RCCT | ||||||||||
 Semi-recumbent a | [13] | 316* | 139§ | 0.44; 0.11–1.77 | 3/419 | 276* | 240§ | 0.87; 0.59–1.27 | 2/307 |  |
 HME b | [12] | 167* | 155§ | 0.93; 0.73–1.19 | 13/2251 | 247* | 257§ | 1.03; 0.89–1.2 | 12/1951 | ↓ |
 Probiotic c | [13] | 309* | 238§ | 0.7; 0.52–0.95 | 8/1018 | 214* | 186§ | 0.84; 0.58–1.22 | 5/703 | ׀ |
 Protocolized MV wean d | [23] | NR | NR | NR |  | 216* | 166§ | 0.77; 0.39–1.5 | 2/513 |  |
Antimicrobial – CRT | ||||||||||
 TAP ± PPAP | [56] | NR | NR | NR |  | See Fig. 1 | 1.00; 0.79–1.23‡ | 3/18335 |  | |
Antiseptic – RCCT | ||||||||||
 Chlorhexidine e | [16] | 243* | 180§ | 0.75; 0.62–0.91 | 18/2451 | 222* | 242§†| 1.09; 0.96–1.23 | 14/2014 | ↓ |
 Tooth brushing ± antiseptic f | [17] | 259* | 179§ | 0.61; 0.41–0.91 | 5/910 | 250* | 210§ | 0.84; 0.67–1.05 | 5/910 | ׀ |
TAP ± PPAP – RCCT | ||||||||||
 TAP ± PPAP | [56] | NR | NR | NR |  | NR | NR | 0.85; 0.77–0.94‡ | 27/5699 |  |
 TAP + PPAP g,h,i | [6] | NR | NR | 0.28; 0.2–0.38 | 16/3024 | NR | NR | 0.75; 0.65–0.87‡ | 17/4075 |  |
 TAP + PPAP g,i,j | [7] | 417* | 179§ | 0.43; 0.35–0.53 | 17/2951 | 303* | 255§†| 0.84; 0.73–0.96‡ | 18/5290 | ↓ |
 TAP (alone) h,i,k | [6] | NR | NR | 0.34; 0.21–0.55 | 12/1735 | NR | NR | 0.97; 0.87–1.07 | 13/1783 |  |
 TAP (alone) i,j,k | [7] | 324* | 162§ | 0.50; 0.36–0.69 | 13/1848 | 305* | 296§†| 0.97; 0.87–1.07 | 15/3274 | ׀ |