Inclusion criteria | Exclusion criteria |
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• Persons between 18 and 59 years of age • CLBP of more than 3 months duration • Pain intensity of more than 4 on the NPRS • Clear mechanical basis of the symptoms • Positive for CS-related sign and symptoms • Cognitively intact [Mini-Mental State Examination score > 24] • Basic working knowledge of English language | • Attributable to a recognizable, known specific pathology (e.g., infection, tumor, osteoporosis, fracture, structural deformity, inflammatory disorder (e.g., ankylosing spondylitis) or cauda equina syndrome) • Participants who are contra-indicated to participate in physical activity • Participants who have undertaken any surgical procedures to spine or suffering from symptomatic spine diseases • Participants, who report acute pain within 48 h prior to the appointment • No corticosteroids or other drug therapy in the preceding 2 weeks • Participants suffering from any other chronic pain condition, high blood pressure, Raynaud’s disease, frostbite, any open cut, sore, or bone fracture, other major illness such as cancer, visual and/or hearing impairment, and psychiatric disorders • Presence of clinical signs or symptoms of radiculopathy |