Table 4 Exploratory outcomes
Outcome | Description | Data source | Time frame |
|---|---|---|---|
Long-term opioid use | Opioid prescription orders or fills indicating a continuous ≥ 60-day supply during the prior 90-day period (Binary) | Electronic health record | T0, T1, T2, and T3 |
Depression symptomology | Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) [89] (8 items; continuous) | Patient self-report | T0, T1, T2, and T3 |
Anxiety symptomology | Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) [90] (7 items; continuous) | Patient self-report | T0, T1, T2, and T3 |
Sleep disturbance | PROMIS Sleep Disturbance – Short Form 6a [91] (6 items; continuous) | Patient self-report | T0, T1, T2, and T3 |
High-impact chronic pain | Patient self-report | T0, T1, T2, and T3 | |
Graded chronic pain | Graded Chronic Pain Scale-Revised [49] | Patient self-report | T0, T1, T2, and T3 |