Variable | Intervention | Waiting control | Main effect of time (p-value, Cohen’s d) | Main effect of group (p-value, Cohen’s d) | Group × time interaction (p-value, Cohen’s d) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Δ % | 95% CI | Pre | Post | Δ % | 95% CI | ||||
Toe 1 | 88.43 ± 21.70 | 69.98 ± 19.27 | − 20.86 | − 2.34–39.24 | 77.80 ± 22.29 | 82.62 ± 19.95 | 6.19 | − 18.77–9.14 | 0.244 (0.510) | 0.875 (0.063) | 0.053 (0.873) |
Toes 2–5 | 35.87 ± 18.08 | 33.16 ± 11.27 | − 7.55 | − 8.42–13.83 | 38.95 ± 19.06 | 34.70 ± 13.11 | − 10.91 | − 8.96–17.47 | 0.385 (0.375) | 0.654 (0.191) | 0.845 (0.090) |
Metatarsal 1 | 67.44 ± 14.78 | 68.19 ± 19.59 | 1.11 | − 18.07–16.58 | 63.34 ± 9.10 | 68.43 ± 9.66 | 8.03 | − 15.02–4.84 | 0.527 (0.271) | 0.580 (0.238) | 0.636 (0.201) |
Metatarsal 2 | 98.09 ± 29.21 | 102.90 ± 36.91 | 4.90 | − 33.27–23.64 | 87.50 ± 28.63 | 97.67 ± 24.59 | 11.62 | − 37.56–17.23 | 0.413 (0.358) | 0.359 (0.397) | 0.768 (0.127) |
Metatarsal 3 | 78.96 ± 19.76 | 85.33 ± 25.95 | 8.06 | − 28.92–16.18 | 75.63 ± 12.16 | 78.79 ± 18.62 | 4.17 | − 14.59–8.28 | 0.416 (0.352) | 0.392 (0.369) | 0.782 (0.127) |
Metatarsal 4 | 64.90 ± 24.52 | 75.45 ± 28.24 | 16.25 | − 35.44–14.32 | 61.04 ± 14.97 | 51.71 ± 13.48 | − 15.28 | − 2.67–21.32 | 0.923 (0.000) | 0.031 (0.984) | 0.127 (0.674) |
Metatarsal 5 | 46.38 ± 15.85 | 55.26 ± 21.35 | 19.14 | − 24.79–7.03 | 52.29 ± 22.62 | 51.46 ± 18.51 | − 1.58 | − 20.46–22.12 | 0.512 (0.286) | 0.845 (0.090) | 0.430 (0.346) |
Midfoot | 36.29 ± 12.33 | 42.88 ± 16.19 | 18.15 | − 18.15–4.98 | 41.19 ± 8.75 | 38.96 ± 11.31 | − 5.41 | − 4.85–9.30 | 0.487 (0.300) | 0.904 (0.063) | 0.167 (0.612) |
Medial heel | 95.50 ± 28.49 | 73.01 ± 13.25 | − 23.54 | 4.17–40.79 | 78.43 ± 29.28 | 93.74 ± 28.82 | 19.52 | − 29.45–12.33 | 0.540 (0.263) | 0.839 (0.090) | 0.003 (1.400) |
Lateral heel | 83.70 ± 22.67 | 88.19 ± 21.89 | 5.36 | − 29.95–20.97 | 76.24 ± 29.22 | 84.80 ± 29.88 | 11.22 | − 32.84–2.22 | 0.393 (0.369) | 0.484 (0.300) | 0.788 (0.110) |