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Table 5 Group-specific mean values and standard deviations for peak pressure (kPa) during walking at constant speed in ASD boys

From: Effects of an 8-week multimodal exercise program on ground reaction forces and plantar pressure during walking in boys with autism spectrum disorder

Variable

Intervention

Waiting control

Main effect of time (p-value, Cohen’s d)

Main effect of group (p-value, Cohen’s d)

Group × time interaction (p-value, Cohen’s d)

Pre

Post

Δ %

95% CI

Pre

Post

Δ %

95% CI

Toe 1

88.43 ± 21.70

69.98 ± 19.27

− 20.86

− 2.34–39.24

77.80 ± 22.29

82.62 ± 19.95

6.19

− 18.77–9.14

0.244 (0.510)

0.875 (0.063)

0.053 (0.873)

Toes 2–5

35.87 ± 18.08

33.16 ± 11.27

− 7.55

− 8.42–13.83

38.95 ± 19.06

34.70 ± 13.11

− 10.91

− 8.96–17.47

0.385 (0.375)

0.654 (0.191)

0.845 (0.090)

Metatarsal 1

67.44 ± 14.78

68.19 ± 19.59

1.11

− 18.07–16.58

63.34 ± 9.10

68.43 ± 9.66

8.03

− 15.02–4.84

0.527 (0.271)

0.580 (0.238)

0.636 (0.201)

Metatarsal 2

98.09 ± 29.21

102.90 ± 36.91

4.90

− 33.27–23.64

87.50 ± 28.63

97.67 ± 24.59

11.62

− 37.56–17.23

0.413 (0.358)

0.359 (0.397)

0.768 (0.127)

Metatarsal 3

78.96 ± 19.76

85.33 ± 25.95

8.06

− 28.92–16.18

75.63 ± 12.16

78.79 ± 18.62

4.17

− 14.59–8.28

0.416 (0.352)

0.392 (0.369)

0.782 (0.127)

Metatarsal 4

64.90 ± 24.52

75.45 ± 28.24

16.25

− 35.44–14.32

61.04 ± 14.97

51.71 ± 13.48

− 15.28

− 2.67–21.32

0.923 (0.000)

0.031 (0.984)

0.127 (0.674)

Metatarsal 5

46.38 ± 15.85

55.26 ± 21.35

19.14

− 24.79–7.03

52.29 ± 22.62

51.46 ± 18.51

− 1.58

− 20.46–22.12

0.512 (0.286)

0.845 (0.090)

0.430 (0.346)

Midfoot

36.29 ± 12.33

42.88 ± 16.19

18.15

− 18.15–4.98

41.19 ± 8.75

38.96 ± 11.31

− 5.41

− 4.85–9.30

0.487 (0.300)

0.904 (0.063)

0.167 (0.612)

Medial heel

95.50 ± 28.49

73.01 ± 13.25

− 23.54

4.17–40.79

78.43 ± 29.28

93.74 ± 28.82

19.52

− 29.45–12.33

0.540 (0.263)

0.839 (0.090)

0.003 (1.400)

Lateral heel

83.70 ± 22.67

88.19 ± 21.89

5.36

− 29.95–20.97

76.24 ± 29.22

84.80 ± 29.88

11.22

− 32.84–2.22

0.393 (0.369)

0.484 (0.300)

0.788 (0.110)

  1. CI confidence interval, d Cohen’s d