Inclusion criteria | |
• Aged 18 to 90 years • Plan to undergo elective non-cardiac surgery | |
Randomized controlled trial (Intermediate-risk group) | Prospective cohort study (high-risk group) |
• Intermediate-risk surgery with less than three clinical risk factors | • Intermediate-risk surgery with three or more clinical risk factors or • High-risk surgery regardless of the number of clinical risk factors |
Exclusion criteria | |
• Current symptoms or signs requiring transthoracic echocardiography • Poor functional capacity (< 4 METs) • Life expectancy less than 6 months • Emergent surgery • Low-risk surgery • Participants who underwent TTE within 3 months before study enrollment |