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Table 1 Intervention development steps

From: Development of a novel intervention to improve sleep and pain in patients undergoing total knee replacement

1. Define and understand the problem and its causes

2. Clarify which causal or contextual factors are malleable and have the greatest scope for change

3. Identify how to bring about change: the change mechanism

4. Identify how to deliver the change mechanism

5. Test and refine on a small scale

6. Collect sufficient evidence of effectiveness to justify rigorous evaluation/implementation