A cross-sectional survey of potential factors, motivations, and barriers influencing research participation and retention among people who use drugs in the rural USA

Table 2 Drug use history among rural PWUD in Kentucky, Ohio, and Oregon, April 2019–July 2019

	Total study population (n = 255)		Oregon (n = 79)		Kentucky (n = 105)		Ohio (n = 71)
	n	%	n	%	n	%	n	%
Ever injected drugs to get high
Yes	237	93	75	95	95	90	67	94
No	18	7	4	5	10	10	4	6
Drugs injected to get high in past 30 days
Methamphetamines	155	61	61	77	70	67	24	34
Heroin	144	57	42	53	48	46	54	76
Buprenorphine	47	18	5	6	33	31	9	13
Fentanyl	47	18	14	18	10	10	23	32
Painkillers	38	15	21	27	12	11	5	7
Cocaine/crack	21	8	11	14	6	6	4	6
Other^a	11	4	10	13	0	0	1	1
Methadone	8	3	5	6	2	2	1	1
Prescription anxiety drugs	8	3	6	8	1	1	1	1
Gabapentin	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0
Kratom^b	1	1	1	1	0	0	-	-
Clonidine	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Synthetics	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Drug of choice to get high
Methamphetamines	91	36	37	47	45	43	9	13
Heroin	90	35	33	42	24	23	33	47
Buprenorphine	14	6	0	0	12	11	2	3
Painkillers	13	5	2	3	11	11	0	0
Fentanyl	5	2	0	0	0	0	5	7
Other^c	3	1	3	4	0	0	0	0
Gabapentin	2	1	0	0	0	0	2	3
Methadone	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0
Cocaine/crack	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0

^a“Other” responses included “cannabis” (n = 9), “pot, lsd, mushrooms, acid” (n = 1) and one response was missing (n = 1)
^bKratom was not listed as a response option in the Ohio survey
^c“Other” responses included “pot” (n = 2) and “lsd, doc, mushrooms” (n = 1)

ISSN: 1745-6215