Outcomes | Item | Device |
---|---|---|
Primary outcomes | ||
 Insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion | The Matsuda index, the insulinogenic index, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β | OGTT |
Fasting blood measurements | ||
 Vitamin D level | Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D | Fasting blood measurements |
Secondary outcomes | ||
 Body composition | Percent body fat, muscle mass | DXA |
Waist circumference | Standard tape | |
 Metabolic indices | Fasting glucose (G0), fasting insulin (I0), HbA1c, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein | Fasting blood measurements |
 Ankle-brachial index | Blood pressure, ABI, baPWV | Validated automatic device |
 Physical fitness factors | Peak oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate | Cycle ergometer |
 | Hand grip strength | Hand grip dynamometer |