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Table 3 Follow-up data of serum levels of vitamins by study groups

From: The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial

Variables (at day 7)

Group

Effect size**

P values of changes between groups

Supplementation

Placebo

Vitamin A

0.35 (0.50)

0.10 (0.20)

1.9 (L)

< 0.001

 Median (IQR) of change from  baseline

0.20 (0.20)

0.00 (0.10)

 P value

< 0.001

0.035

Vitamin B9*

10.49 (3.87)

5.64 (2.34)

1.0 (L)

< 0.001

 Mean change from baseline

2.60 (4.16)

− 0.91 (2.62)

 P value

0.002

0.068

Vitamin B12*

889.00 (389.16)

414.24 (301.33)

2.4 (L)

< 0.001

 Mean change from baseline

410.02 (263.55)

− 107.00 (165.61)

 P value

< 0.001

0.001

Vitamin C

0.40 (0.10)

0.10 (0.10)

2.3 (L)

< 0.001

 Median (IQR) of change from baseline

0.20 (0.20)

0.00 (0.10)

 P value

< 0.001

0.011

Vitamin D

29.75 (15.00)

19.55 (8.37)

1.6 (L)

< 0.001

 Median (IQR) of change from baseline

9.50 (10.85)

− 6.40 (8.52)

 P value

< 0.001

< 0.001

Vitamin E*

13.86 (3.78)

8.30 (2.17)

2.6 (L)

< 0.001

 Median (IQR) of change from baseline

2.56 (1.57)

− 2.71 (2.47)

 P value

< 0.001

< 0.001

  1. S, small: 0.2; M, moderate: 0.5; L, large: 0.8
  2. *Normally distributed variables
  3. **The effect sizes were calculated by Cohen’s d formula or Cliff’s delta statistic
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Trials

ISSN: 1745-6215