1) Lumbar MRI scan shows LSS at a single level (sagittal diameter of lumbar central canal < 13 mm; dural sac area < 100 mm2), with no prolapsed or sequestered discs. | |
2) Recurrent intermittent claudication and unable to walk long distances. | |
3) Aged 50–85 years and in need of pain relief. | |
4) Inflammation-induced pain. | |
5) Less than a 3-month history of radiating pain in the lower legs. | |
6) LANSS score ≥ 12. |