Table 2 Variation in definition of outcomes reported
Outcome | Reported outcome definition |
|---|---|
Duration of pharmacotherapy (n = 32) | Days of opioid treatment |
Duration of treatment for NAS symptoms | |
Duration of pharmacotherapy for NAS/NOWS | |
Days of treatment | |
Duration of treatment required for NAS resolution | |
Number of days on morphine | |
Duration of opioid treatment | |
Duration of oral morphine treatment | |
Length of opioid treatment | |
Length of methadone therapy | |
Duration of phenobarbital treatment | |
Total phenobarbital treatment days | |
Total treatment duration (hospital + home) | |
Length of treatment | |
Days on DTO | |
Days on any form of pharmacologic support | |
Duration of hospital stay (n = 31) | Days of inpatient hospitalization |
Neonatal length of stay | |
Length of inpatient stay | |
Duration of hospital stay | |
Mean infant hospital stay | |
Average length of stay between hospitals | |
NICU level of care (n = 8) | NICU admission |
Length of NICU stay | |
Admission to level II nursery or chronic care unit | |
Adverse event—unplanned ICU transfer | |
Transferred to NICU from inpatient unit | |
Breastfeeding or human milk nutrition (n = 12) | Breastfeeding during hospital stay |
Breastfeeding at discharge | |
Initiation of breastfeeding | |
Breastfeeding rates 6–8 weeks of age | |
Rate of breastfeeding | |
Duration of breast feeding | |
Breastfeeding | |
Taking ≥50% of feed as breast milk at discharge | |
Discharge on human milk | |
Opioid withdrawal symptoms (n = 24) | Neonatal substance withdrawal |
Withdrawal symptoms | |
Time of onset of symptoms | |
Severity of NAS/NOWS | |
Average daily score | |
Mean NAS score | |
Intensity of withdrawal | |
Control of withdrawal symptoms | |
Number of times NAS score >8 | |
Mean Finnegan withdrawal scores | |
Treatment effectiveness | |
Duration of neonatal abstinence syndrome | |
Severity of NAS (mean peak NAS) | |
NAS scores (undefined time point) | |
Highest Finnegan score | |
Time to highest Finnegan score | |
Highest NAS score | |
Prevalence of symptoms of NAS | |
Custody at discharge (n = 7) | Custody status at discharge |
Discharge of babies in the custody of their mothers | |
Child placed in foster care | |
Discharge in parental care | |
Discharge from hospital with their biological family | |
Dose of pharmacotherapy (n = 18) | Total dose (mg/kg) of methadone administered |
Range of morphine doses (mg/kg/day) | |
Morphine doses during the first 38 days of treatment | |
Maximum morphine dose (mean mg/kg/day) | |
Initial median opioid dose (methadone or morphine PO) | |
Cumulative morphine dose | |
Total opioid dose | |
Maximum clonidine dose | |
Highest mean methadone dose given | |
Amount of DTO required to treat NAS | |
Mean total morphine dose | |
Maximum amount of morphine (mL/kg) | |
Time to maximum amount of oral morphine | |
Median dosages over time | |
Average phenobarbital dose | |
Addition of adjunctive therapy (n = 17) | Phenobarbital adjunct therapy |
Percentage treated with an adjuvant medication | |
Adjunct medications | |
Addition of a second agent (clonidine or phenobarbital) | |
Amount of pharmacologic support | |
Addition of a second agent | |
Initiation of pharmacotherapy (n = 11) | Treated with morphine |
Pharmacologic treatment for NAS | |
Need for treatment of NAS | |
Need for pharmacotherapy with morphine | |
Percentage of cohort requiring oral morphine | |
Weight (n = 7) | Weight gain |
Discharge weight | |
Weight loss greater than 10% in the first week of life | |
Time to regain birthweight | |
Poor weight gain | |
Time to symptom control (n = 3) | Duration of treatment to achieve Lipsitz score below 4 |
Treatment response | |
Time to symptom control after initiation of therapy | |
Cost of treatment (n = 6) | Costs for all opioid-exposed infants |
Costs for all opioid-exposed infants treated pharmacologically | |
Average hospital cost per infant | |
Total cost of treatment | |
Average total cost of hospitalization (direct and indirect) | |
Cost-effectiveness | |
Development (n = 2) | Infant neurobehavior |
Neurobehavior | |
Adverse events (n = 14) | Safety of noninsertive acupuncture |
Neonatal safety (adverse drug reactions) | |
Safe | |
Safety (adverse events) | |
Seizures | |
Mortality in hospital | |
Infant death | |
Unintended side effects | |
Readmission to hospital (n = 9) | Return to hospital for withdrawal treatment |
Readmission to hospital | |
Readmission in 1 week postdischarge | |
Readmission in the first year of life | |
Hospital readmission 2 months following discharge | |
30-day readmissions (all cause) | |
30-day readmission (withdrawal) |