Table 2 Comparing general and specific domains of cognition before/after the intervention (two-tailed t test)
Cognitive assessment | Intervention group, mean (SD) | Control group, mean (SD) | p value | 95% CI of between groups difference of differences | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before | After | Before–after difference | Before | After | Before–after difference | |||||
MMSE | 26.81 (1.89) | 28.28 (1.79) | 1.52 (1.12) | 27.04 (1.77) | 27.50 (2.08) | 0.46 (1.50) | 0.006 | (− 1.80, − 0.31) | ||
N-Back1 | True answer | 17.15 (5.99) | 20.48 (4.94) | 3.52 (4.94) | 19.38 (6.74) | 19.62 (7.46) | 0.23 (6.27) | 0.043 | (− 6.47, − 0.10) | |
Total time | 290.68 (143.36) | 237.81 (106.17) | − 54.64 (101.11) | 235.93 (91.59) | 200.30 (65.33) | − 35.63 (58.72) | 0.419 | (− 27.29, 65.31) | ||
N-Back2 | True answer | 11.08 (5.73) | 18.68 (5.16) | 7. 60 (6.71) | 13.19 (6.48) | 12.96 (6.35) | − 0.23 (8.12) | < 0.001 | (− 12.03, − 3.62) | |
Total time | 288.32 (153.78) | 198.73 (104.75) | − 90.05 (99.45) | 277.12 (124.59) | 299.11 (96.33) | − 48.01 (76.74) | 0.099 | (− 7.83, 91.91) | ||
WCST | True clusters | 3.23 1.42 | 4.60 (0.50) | 1.40 (1.04) | 3.23 (1.03) | 3.65 (1.23) | 0.42 (1.17) | 0.003 | (− 1.60, − 0.35) | |
Preservation error | 14.85 (6.23) | 7.28 (2.50) | − 7.52 (6.07) | 14.31 (5.67) | 11.00 (5.38) | − 3.30 (7.03) | 0.026 | (0.50, 7.91) | ||
Total time | 470.39 (162.41) | 342.34 (96.63) | − 130.70 (110.19) | 418.06 (121.58) | 384.60 (113.77) | − 33.46 (108.23) | 0.003 | (35.76, 158.70) | ||
Go/no go | Accuracy of performance stage | 20.73 (3.94) | 22.44 (2.31) | 1.80 (2.95) | 21.88 (2.30) | 22.35 (2.57) | 0.46 (1.83) | 0.047 | (− 2.73, 0.06) | |
Accuracy of inhibitory stage | − 1.96 (7.19) | 2.88 (2.66) | 4.84 (6.16) | 5.62 (11.70) | 7.19 (8.30) | 1.57 (5.89) | 0.049 | (− 6.65, 0.12) | ||
Stroop | Color stage | Accuracy | 98.38 (3.57) | 99.36 (1.89) | 1.04 (3.70) | 98.92 (2.13) | 98.00 (3.62) | − 0.92 (3.80) | 0.048 | (− 4.07, 0.15) |
Speed | 1.45 (0.43) | 1.29 (0.36) | − 0.17 (0.26) | 1.32 (0.32) | 1.39 (0.39) | 0.06 (0.33) | 0.007 | (0.06, 0.40) | ||
Color–word stage | Accuracy | 98.38 (4.00) | 99.92 (0.40) | 1.60 (3.82) | 98.77 (2.47) | 98.77 (2.19) | 0.00 (2.99) | 0.104 | (− 3.52, 0.32) | |
Speed | 4.64 (17.00) | 1.16 (0.31) | − 3.61 (17.39) | 1.19 (0.27) | 1.300 (0.31) | 0.10 (0.17) | 0.280 | (− 3.45, 10.90) | ||
Interference stage | Accuracy | 80.31 (23.73) | 96.32 (4.88) | 16.64 (23.65) | 84.85 (25.03) | 80.54 (30.70) | − 4.30 (35.18) | 0.016 | (− 37.88, − 4.00) | |
Speed | 2.41 (0.90) | 1.79 (0.42) | − 0.62 (0.88) | 2.42 (0.75) | 2.10 (1.20) | − 0.14 (0.85) | 0.044 | (− 0.008, 0.96) | ||