Table 6 Potential risks associated with specific components of our study

Intoxication due to unintended exposure to insecticides

Direct (contact) or indirect (inhalation of fumes) intoxications are rare but likely.

Bendiocarb: Symptoms of poisoning include excessive sweating, headache, chest tightness, giddiness, nausea, vomiting, stomach pains, salivation, blurred vision, slurred speech, and muscle twitching.

Pirimiphos-methyl: can cause cholinesterase inhibition in humans; that is, it can overstimulate the nervous system causing nausea, dizziness, and confusion.

Febrile surveillance

Longitudinal cohort

Pain or discomfort, bruising, or infection at venipuncture site or temporary dizziness during blood draw

Use of identifiable information (demographic information, address, febrile status)

DENV+, CHIKV+, and ZIKV+ participants

Same as for febrile surveillance and longitudinal cohort

The data gathered in this project will be identifiable and certain data types, such as movement interview, are sensitive.

The primary risks lie with identifying the individuals who provided information they consider confidential (e.g., movement to private locations).

There is a small risk that the repeated blood collections will cause or exacerbate anemia.

In-depth interviews (prospective and retrospective movement interviews)

Risks to study participants are minimal. Participants may feel that in-depth interviews take up too much time—but they have the option of ending their participation at any time. There are no sensitive topics covered, but if any participant feels that there is something he/she does not want to talk about, he/she does not need to answer all questions.