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Table 1 Biologic mechanisms of xanthohumol on transcription factors and pertinent clinical conditions

From: Xanthohumol microbiome and signature in healthy adults (the XMaS trial): a phase I triple-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial

Transcription factor

Xanthohumol mechanisms

Pertinent clinical conditions

Farnesoid X receptor (FXR)

FXR agonist in vitro and in vivo

• Type 2 diabetes mellitus

• Metabolic syndrome

• Dyslipidemia

• Obesity

• Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

• Non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis

• Cholelithiasis

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Cancer

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkB)

Inhibits activation of NFkB in vitro and in vivo

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Rheumatic disease

• Asthma

• Autoimmunity

• Cancer

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2)

Increases expression of and activation of NRF2 in vitro

• Autoimmunity

• Alzheimer’s disease

• Inflammatory bowel disease

• Cancer