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Table 1 Under-served groups identified from stakeholder groups and surveys

From: Developing a roadmap to improve trial delivery for under-served groups: results from a UK multi-stakeholder process

Groups by demographic factors

 Age extremes (e.g. under 18 and over 75)

 Women of childbearing age

 Black, Asian and Ethnic Minorities (BAME)

 Male or female sex (depending on trial context)

 LGBTQ/sexual orientation

 Educational disadvantage

Groups by social and economic factors

 In full-time employment

 Unemployed/low income

 Military veterans

 People in alternative residential circumstancesa

 People living in remote areas

 Religious minorities

 Carers

 People not fluent in the majority language

 People who do not attend regular medical appointments

 People in multiple excluded categories

 Socially marginalised people

 Stigmatised populations

 Looked after children

Groups by health status

 Mental health conditions

 People who lack the capacity to consent for themselves

 Cognitive impairment

 Learning disability

 People with addictions

 Pregnant women

 People with multiple health conditions

 Physical disabilities

 Visually/hearing impaired

 Too severely ill

 Smokers

 People living with obesity

Groups by disease-specific factors

 Rare diseases and genetic disease subtypes

 People in cancer trials with brain metastases

  1. aThis category includes migrants, asylum seekers, prison populations, care homes, traveller communities and homeless