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Table 2 Summary of study measures

From: A prospective randomized controlled study of auricular point acupressure to manage chronic low back pain in older adults: study protocol

Construct

Specific measure

# Items

Reliability and validity

Timing

Screening

 

Mini-Mental State Examination

 

Good [50]

b

Primary outcomes: pain intensity, pain interference, physical function

 
 

minimal data set

4

Good [22]

a, b

Secondary outcomes

 Analgesic use

Quantification Score Version III

 

Objective [51]

a, b

 HRQoL

Health-related quality of life

36

High [52]

b

 Satisfaction

Treatment satisfaction

12

Good [47, 48]

4 weeks only

Psychological

 Anxiety, depression

Minimal data set

8

Good [22]

b

 Fear/avoidance

Fear Avoidance Beliefs

16

Good [53]

b

 Catastrophizing

Pain Catastrophizing Scale

13

Good [54]

b

Behavioral

 Sleep

Minimal data set

 

Good [22]

 

 Relaxation

Relaxation response

1

Pilot study

b

Moderating variables: comorbidity, demographics

 

minimal data set

 

Good [22]

Baseline

Nonspecific psychological placebo effects

 Expectations, beliefs

Treatment expectation

2

Good [47, 48]

Baseline

 Relationship

Patient-provider relationship

7

Good [55]

b

  1. aEMA, ecological momentary assessment; bBaseline, post completion of treatment, monthly follow-up for 3 months