Table 10 Results for each concept for children at 1-year follow-up
| No. | Concept | Control schools % correcta No. of schools = 60 No. of children = 2844 | Intervention schools % correcta No. of schools = 60 No. of children = 3943 | Adjusted differenceb (95% CI) | ICCc | Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Claims | ||||||
| 1.1 | Treatments may be harmful. | 40.5% (n = 1152) | 64.6% (n = 2547) | 29.2% (22.4–35.0%) | 0.120 | 3.33 (2.50–4.35) P < 0.00001 |
| 1.2 | Personal experiences or anecdotes (stories) are an unreliable basis for assessing the effects of most treatments. | 26.5% (n = 753) | 52.0% (n = 2052) | 30.0% (24.5–34.2%) | 0.119 | 3.85 (2.86–5.00) P < 0.00001 |
| 1.3 | A treatment outcome may be associated with a treatment, but not caused by the treatment.d | 27.3% (n = 776) | 36.4% (n = 1436) | 11.2% (6.4–15.2%) | 0.087 | 1.69 (1.33–2.13) P = 0.00002 |
| 1.4 | Widely used treatments or treatments that have been used for a long time are not necessarily beneficial or safe. | 26,3% (n = 748) | 54,4% (n = 2144) | 30.0% (23.8–35.1%) | 0,157 | 3.70 (2.70–5.00) P < 0.00001 |
| 1.5 | New, brand-named, or more expensive treatments may not be better than available alternatives. | 48.9% (n = 1392) | 73.6% (n = 2901) | 28.1% (22.2–34.5%) | 0.088 | 3.33 (2.63–4.35) P < 0.00001 |
| 1.6 | Opinions of experts or authorities do not alone provide a reliable basis for deciding on the benefits and harms of treatments. | 43.2% (n = 1230) | 67.6% (n = 2664) | 26.8% (20.3–33.3%) | 0.113 | 3.03 (2.33–4.00) P < 0.00001 |
| 1.7 | Conflicting interests may result in misleading claims about the effects of treatments. | 37.0% (n = 1051) | 47.2% (n = 1861) | 10.8% (5.5–15.9%) | 0.077 | 1.56 (1.25–1.96) 0.00009 |
| Comparisons | ||||||
| 2.1 | Evaluating the effects of treatments requires appropriate comparisons. | 10.3% (n = 294) | 32.0% (n = 1263) | 24.2% (21.1–26.2%) | 0.148 | 5.56 (3.85–7.69) P < 0.00001 |
| 2.2 | A part from the treatments being compared, the comparison groups need to be similar (i.e., ‘like needs to be compared with like’). | 12.1% (n = 344) | 29.3% (n = 1155) | 16.6% (14.2–18.9%) | 0.063 | 2.86 (2.33–3.57) P < 0.00001 |
| 2.5 | If possible, people should not know which of the treatments being compared they are receiving. | 23.3% (n = 664) | 36.2% (n = 1428) | 15.1% (11.4–18.8%) | 0.070 | 2.13 (1.72–2.70) P < 0.00001 |
| 3.1 | Small studies in which few outcome events occur are usually not informative and the results may be misleading. | 32.6% (n = 928) | 50.3% (n = 1984) | 20.5% (15.8–25.3%) | 0.082 | 2.38 (1.92–3.03) P < 0.00001 |
| 4.1 | The results of single comparisons of treatments can be misleading. | 29.1% (n = 827) | 44.8% (n = 1766) | 17.6% (12.4–22.2%) | 0.096 | 2.17 (1.69–2.78) P < 0.00001 |
| Choices | ||||||
| 5.1 | Treatments usually have beneficial and harmful effects. | 35.2% (n = 1000) | 50.8% (n = 2004) | 16.8% (11.4–22.1%) | 0.090 | 2.00 (1.59–2.56) P < 0.00001 |