Improved participation of older people with joint contractures living in nursing homes: feasibility of study procedures in a cluster-randomised pilot trial

Table 3 Impact of the Participation Enabling CAre in Nursing (PECAN) intervention on participation, activity, health status, and instrumental activities of daily living

	Intervention group (n = 57)			Control group (n = 52)			Group difference^a	LMM^b
	Baseline Mean (SD)	6 months Mean (SD)	Difference Mean t₂-t₀ (SD)	Baseline Mean (SD)	6 months Mean (SD)	Difference Mean t₂-t₀ (SD)	Mean (95% CI)	Coefficient (95% CI)
Participation scale	46.2 (26.3)	43.0 (35.6)	− 2.9 (23.5)	43.9 (16.8)	41.3 (24.7)	− 2.4 (21.8)	0.5 (− 8.4; 9.3)	− 2.5 (− 5.5, 0.6)
Activity scale	56.5 (20.1)	54.4 (24.6)	− 2.439 (12.5)	57.5 (14.7)	51.8 (20.8)	− 5.7 (11.4)	− 3.2 (− 7.8; 1.4)	− 2.4 (− 9.8, 5.0)
VAS EQ-5D-3 L	52.9 (18.4)	51.8 (18.1)	− 2.1 (20.4)	53.9 (22.4)	54.8 (28.2)	0.7 (25.9)	2.8 (− 6.3; 11.9)	–
Lawton IADL Scale	1.5 (1.6)	2.6 (2.5)	0.6 (1.5)	1.2 (1.8)	2.2 (2.4)	0.7 (1.5)	0.1 (− 0.6; 0.7)	–

n = 109; t₀ = baseline, t₂ = 6-month follow-up
Missing values: Participation scale t₂ (n = 5); Activity scale t₂ (n = 3); Visual Analogue Scale of the European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 3 Level Version
(VAS EQ-5D-3 L) t₀ (n = 1), t₂ (n = 4); and Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Scale t₀ (n = 18), t₂ (n = 1)
Ranges: Participation scale and Activity scale 0 (no problems) to 100 (complete problems); Lawton IADL Scale 0 (low function) to 8 (high function); VAS EQ-5D-3 L 0 (worst imaginable health status) to 100 (best imaginable health status)
^aDifference between mean-intervention (t₂-t₀) versus mean-control (t₂-t₀)
^bLinear mixed model (LMM) with a mixed-effect term for varying intercepts by clusters, and for residents that are nested within clusters, adjusted for age and gender

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